Table 2 Search strategy for medline. Search terms were grouped by (1) “intellectual disabilities, (2) “psychotropic medication”, and (3) “deprescribing”, along with their synonyms. Search terms from within each of groups 1, 2 and 3 were separated using the Boolean operator “OR”. Search terms from groups 1, 2 and 3 were then combined using the Boolean operator “AND”. An example of the full search can be seen in Table 1 below

1 ID OR LD OR PMLD OR PIMD OR PDD OR ASD OR autis* OR autism OR Asperger* OR angelman OR PDD NOS OR FASD OR neurofibromatosis OR hypothyroid* OR phenylketonuria OR rubinstein-taybi OR digeorge OR lesch-nyhan OR SEN OR SEND OR DD OR handicap* OR disab* OR (intellectual* adj1 disab*) OR (learning adj1 disab*) OR (intellectual* adj1 deficien*) OR (intellectual* adj1 impair*) OR (learning adj1 difficult*) OR (learning adj1 deficien*) OR (learning adj1 impair*) OR (mental* adj1 retard*) OR (mental* adj1 deficien*) OR (mental* adj1 handicap*) OR (intellectual adj1 developmental adj1 disab*) OR (intellectual adj1 development adj1 disorder*) OR (down* adj1 syndrome) OR (fragile adj1 x adj1 syndrome) OR (fragile adj1 x) OR (william adj1 syndrome) OR (angelman adj1 syndrome) OR (profound* adj2 multiple adj1 learning adj1 disab*) OR (profound* adj1 intellectual* adj1 multiple adj1 disab*) OR (Rett adj1 syndrome) OR

(overgrowth adj syndrome) OR (Asperger* adj1 syndrome) OR (autis* adj1 spectrum adj1 disorder) OR (pervasive adj1 developmental* adj1 disorder*) OR (pervasive adj1 developmental* adj1 disorder* adj2 otherwise specified) OR (f?etal adj1 alcohol adj1 syndrome) OR (f?etal adj1 alcohol) OR (prenatal adj1 alcohol adj1 exposure)

OR (velocardiofacial adj1 syndrome) OR (klinefelter adj1 syndrome) OR (childhood adj1 disintegrative adj1 disorder) OR (smith adj1 magenis) OR (cri adj1 du adj1 chat) OR (cornelia adj1 de adj1 lange) 36 (de adj1 lange) OR (genetic adj1 disorder*) OR

(static adj1 encephalopathy) OR (complex adj1 need*) OR (special adj1 education* adj1 need*) OR (special adj1 need*) OR (special adj1 education* adj1 need* adj2 disabilit*) OR (special adj1 need* adj2 disabilit*) OR (developmental adj1 disabilit*) OR (neurodevelopmental adj1 disorder*) OR (developmental adj1 disorder*) OR (neurodevelopmental adj1 disabilit*) OR (development* adj1 delay*) OR (development* adj1 difficult*) OR (developmental* adj1 impair*) OR (abnormal* adj1 develop*) OR (prader adj1 willi adj1 syndrome)

2 psychotropic* OR antidepressant* OR anti-depressant* OR antipsychotic* OR anti- psychotic*or anticonvulsant* OR anti-convulsant* OR antimanic* OR anti-manic* OR antiepileptic* OR anti-epileptic* OR hypnotic* OR SSRI* OR anxiolytic* OR benzodiazepine* OR neuroleptic* OR alprazolam OR fludiazepam OR camazepam OR nordazepam OR etizolam OR clotiazepam OR cloxazolam OR tofisopam OR bentazepam OR loprazolam OR zentiva OR lormetazepam OR dormagen OR niravam OR xanax OR medazepam OR potassium clorazepate OR oxazepam OR bromazepam OR chlordiazepoxide OR chlordiazachel OR libritabs OR lygen OR librium OR oxazepam OR ketazolam OR prazepam OR halazepam OR pinazepam OR adinazolam OR serax OR zaxopam OR emylcamate OR mebutamate OR meprobamate OR benzoctamine OR amosene OR bamate OR equanil OR mepriam OR meprospan OR miltown OR neuramate OR tranmep OR hydroxyzine OR captodiame OR mephenoxalone OR gedocarnil OR etifoxine OR fabomotizole OR atomoxetine OR strattera OR guanfacine OR intuniv OR tenex OR amfetamine OR metamfetamine OR pemoline OR fencamfamine OR modafinil OR fenozolone OR

(fenetylline OR armodafinil OR solriamfetol OR caffeine OR propentofylline OR meclofenoxate OR pyritinol OR piracetam OR deanol OR fipexide OR citicoline OR acetylcarnitine OR aniracetam OR idebenone OR prolintane OR pipradrol OR pramiracetam OR adrafinil OR vinpocetine OR tetramethylglycoluril OR phenibut OR oxiracetam OR pirisudanol OR linopirdine OR nizofenone OR dexmethylphenidate OR methylphenidate OR ritalin OR concerta OR delmosart OR equasym OR matoride OR medikinet OR xaggitin OR xenidate OR adhansia OR aptensio OR cotemplar OR daytrana OR dexmethylphenidate OR focalin OR jornay OR metadate OR methylin OR quillichew OR quillivant OR dexamfetamine OR amfexa OR elvanse OR lisdexamfetamine OR vyvanse carbamazepine OR tegretol OR carbagen OR carbatrol OR carnexiv OR epitol OR equetro OR hetrazan OR teril OR eslicarbazepine OR valproate OR belvo OR depacon OR depakene OR stavzor OR depakote OR epilim OR episenta OR epival OR valpromide OR aminobutyric acid OR progabide OR phenytoin OR ethotoin OR mephenytoin OR fosphenytoin OR paramethadione OR trimethadione OR ethadione OR ethosuximide OR phensuximide OR mesuximide OR diazepam OR valium OR dizac OR qpam OR diastat OR mysoline OR primidone OR zonisamide OR zonegran OR vigabatrin OR sabril OR vigadrone OR rufinamide OR inovelon OR banzel OR tiagabine OR gabitril OR topamax OR topiramate OR qsymia OR qudexy OR trokendi OR lamotrigine OR lamictal OR levetiracetam OR keppra OR desitrend OR elepsia OR spritam OR phenobarb* OR methylphenobarbital OR barbexaclone OR metharbital OR oxcarbazepine OR oxtellar OR trileptal OR brivaracetam OR briviact OR clonazepam OR rivotril OR klonopin OR sultiame OR phenacemide OR felbamate OR pheneturide OR zonisamide OR stiripentol OR lacosamide OR cannabidiol OR

carisbamate OR beclamide OR retigabine OR perampanel OR clobazam OR onfi OR sympazan OR frisium OR perizam OR tapclob OR zacco OR pentobarbital OR amobarbital OR butobarbital OR bartbital OR aprobarbital OR secobarbital OR talbutal OR vinylbital OR vinbarbital OR cyclobarbital OR heptabarbital OR reposal OR methohexital OR hexobarbital OR thiopental OR etallobarbital OR allobarbital OR proxibarbal OR choral hydrate OR choralodol OR (dichloralphenazone OR paraldehyde OR lorazepam OR ativan OR loraz OR temazepam OR restoril OR temaz OR nitrazepam OR mogadon OR flurazepam OR flunitrazepam OR estazolam OR midazolam OR brotizolam OR quazepam OR loprazolam OR doxefazepam OR cinolazepam OR remimazolam OR glutethimide OR methyprylon OR pyrithyldione

OR dalmane OR triazolam OR zopiclone OR zimovane OR zolpidem OR stilnoct OR zolpimist OR tovalt OR intermezzo OR edluar OR ambien OR zaleplon OR sonata OR ramelteon OR tasimelteon OR melatonin OR circadin OR slenyto OR

eszopiclone OR lunesta OR methaqualone OR clomethiazole OR bromisoval OR carbromal OR scopolamine OR propiomazine OR triclofos OR hexapropymate OR ethchlorvynol OR bromides OR apronal OR valnoctamide OR methylpentynol OR niaprazine OR dexmedetomidine OR suvorexant OR lyrica OR pregabalin OR lecaent OR alaxid OR alzain OR gabapentin OR gralise OR horizant OR neurontin

OR lecomig OR lithium OR camcolit OR liskonum OR eskalith OR lithane OR

lithobid OR lithonate OR lithobid OR benperidol OR anquil OR chlorpromazine OR largactil OR promapar OR sonazine OR thorazine OR asenapine OR secuado OR saphris OR sycrest OR flupentixol OR depixol OR psytixol OR flupenthixol OR clopenthixol OR chlorprothixene OR tiotixene OR loxapine OR adasuve OR loxitane OR levomepromazine OR levoprome OR promazine OR sparine OR acepromazine OR cyamemazine OR chlorproethazine OR triflupromazine OR vesprin OR pericyazine OR dixyrazine OR thiopropazate OR acetophenazine OR thioproperazine OR butaperazine OR perazine OR piperazine OR thioridazine OR mesoridazine OR pipotiazine OR periciazine OR perphenazine OR promethazine OR sominex OR phenergan OR trilafon OR pimozide OR orap OR fluspirilene OR penfluridol OR prochlorperazine OR compazine OR compro OR procomp OR sulpiride OR tiapride OR remoxipride OR sultopride OR trifluoperazine OR stelazine OR zuclopenthixol OR clopixol OR fluphenazine OR modecate OR permitil OR prolixin OR veralipride OR levosulpiride OR amisulpride OR solian OR aripiprazole OR abilify OR aristada OR clozapine OR fazaclo OR versacloz OR denzapine OR clozaril OR zaponex OR lurasidone OR latuda OR iloperidone OR cariprazine OR brexpiprazole OR pimavanserin OR paliperidone OR invega OR xeplion OR trevicta risperidone OR

risperdal OR prothipendyl OR mosapramine OR olanzapine OR zyprexa OR zylasta OR clotiapine OR quetiapine OR mintreleq OR brancico OR biquelle OR atrolak OR alalquet OR seroquel OR haloperidol OR haldol OR trifluperidol OR melperone OR moperone OR zotepine OR moperone OR pipamperone OR bromperidol OR benperidol OR droperidol OR fluanisone OR oxypertine OR molindone OR sertindole OR ziprasidone OR buspirone OR buspar OR sertraline OR zoloft OR lustral OR fluoxetine OR prozac OR olena OR sarafem OR selfemra OR paroxetine OR brisdelle OR paxil OR pexeva OR seroxat OR citalopram OR celexa OR lexapro OR cipramil OR fluvoxamine OR faverin OR luvox OR duloxetine OR cymbalta OR

drizalma OR escitalopram OR zimeldine OR alaproclate OR etoperidone cipralex OR venlafaxine OR alventa OR amphero OR depefex OR majoven OR politid OR sunveniz OR venaxx OR vencarm OR venladex OR venlalic OR vensir OR venzip

OR viepax OR effexor OR desvenlafaxine OR khedezla OR pristiq OR clomipramine OR anafranil OR janimine OR pramine OR dibenzepin OR presamine OR desipramine OR imipramine OR tofranil OR opipramol OR protriptyline OR

iprindole OR melitracen OR butriptyline OR amoxapine OR dimetacrine OR amineptine OR maprotiline OR quinupramine OR amitriptyline OR amitid OR amitril OR elavil OR endep OR dosulepin OR dothiepin OR doxepine OR mianserin OR trazodone OR oxitriptan OR nomifensine OR nefazodone OR minaprine OR bifemelane OR viloxazine OR oxaflozane OR bupropion OR medifoxamine OR tianeptine OR pivagabine OR levomilnacipran OR milnacipran OR gepirone OR duloxetine OR vilazodone OR molipaxin OR hyperici herba OR esketamine OR desyrel OR oleptro OR trialodine OR trimipramine OR surmontil OR lofepramine OR thioridazine OR melleril OR aventyl OR pamelor OR nortriptyline OR

tranylcypromine OR advanz OR parnate OR phenelzine OR nardil OR nialamide OR iproniazide OR iproclozide OR isocarboxazid OR marplan OR moclobemide OR manerix OR toloxatone OR reboxetine OR edronax OR mirtazapine OR remeron OR zispin OR clomipramine OR vortioxetine OR brintellix OR trintellix OR tryptophan OR agomelatine OR valdoxan OR modafinil OR provigil OR armodafinil OR nuvigil OR norpramin OR pertofrane OR pamelor OR aventyl OR vivactil OR asendin OR ludikomil OR serzone OR zyban OR wellbutrin OR forfivo OR aplenzin OR contrave OR khedezla OR pristiq OR viibryd OR cylert OR focalin OR gemonil OR dilantin OR diphenylan OR phenytek OR peganone OR cerebyx OR mesantoin OR paradione OR tridione OR zarontin OR milontin OR aptiom OR phenurone OR felbatol OR zonegran OR diacomit OR vimpat OR fycompa OR antepar OR bryrel OR multifuge OR vermidol OR serentil OR inapsine OR moban OR geodon OR taractan OR adasuve OR loxitane OR fanapt OR rexulti OR nuplazid OR serax OR zaxopam OR centrax OR atarax OR orgatrax OR vistaril OR bamate OR amosene OR equanil OR mepriam OR meprospan OR miltown OR neuromate OR tranmep OR nembutal OR sarisol OR butabarb OR butalan OR butisol OR buticaps OR seconal OR prosom OR halcion OR rozerem OR triclos OR placidyl OR precedex OR belsomra OR fetzima OR savella OR (valproic adj1 acid) OR (psychotropic adj1 medicine*) OR (psychotropic adj1 medication*) OR (psychotropic adj1 drug*) OR (psychotropic adj1 agent*) OR (antidepressant adj1 medicine*) OR (antidepressant adj1 medication*) OR (antidepressant adj1 drug*) OR (antidepressant adj1 agent*) OR (anti-depressant adj1 medicine*) OR (anti-depressant adj1 medication*) OR (anti- depressant adj1 drug*) OR (anti-depressant adj1 agent*) OR (antipsychotic adj1 medicine*) OR (antipsychotic adj1 medication*) OR (antipsychotic adj1 drug*) OR (antipsychotic adj1 agent*) OR (anti-psychotic adj1 medicine*) OR (anti-psychotic adj1 medication*) OR (anti-psychotic adj1 drug*) OR (anti-psychotic adj1 agent*) OR (neuroleptic adj1 medicine*) OR (neuroleptic adj1 medication*) OR (neuroleptic adj1 drug*) OR (neuroleptic adj1 agent*) OR (anticonvulsant adj1 medicine*) OR (anticonvulsant adj1 medication*) OR (anticonvulsant adj1 drug*) OR (anticonvulsant adj1 agent*) OR (anti-convulsant adj1 medicine*) OR (anti- convulsant adj1 medication*) OR (anti-convulsant adj1 drug*) OR (anti-convulsant adj1 agent*)) OR ((antimanic adj1 medicine*) OR (antimanic adj1 medication*) OR (antimanic adj1 drug*) OR (antimanic adj1 agent*) OR ((anti-manic adj1 medicine*) OR (anti-manic adj1 medication*) OR (anti-manic adj1 drug*) OR (anti-manic adj1 agent*)) OR ((antiepileptic adj1 medicine*) OR (antiepileptic adj1 medication*) OR (antiepileptic adj1 drug*) OR (antiepileptic adj1 agent*) OR (anti-epileptic adj1 medicine*) OR (anti-epileptic adj1 medication*) OR (anti-epileptic adj1 drug*) OR (anti-epileptic adj1 agent*) OR (ADHD adj1 medication*) OR (ADHD adj1 medicine*) OR (selective adj1 serotonin adj1 reuptake adj1 inhibitor*) OR (serotonin adj2 norepinephrine adj1 reuptake adj1 inhibitor*) OR (serotonin adj2 noradrenaline adj1 reuptake adj1 inhibitor*) OR (ethyl adj1 loflazepate) OR (lavandulae adj1 aetheroleum) OR (amino adj1 valeric adj1 acid) OR (valerianae adj1 radix).

3 discontin* or deprescrib* or de-prescrib* OR deprescrip* OR polypharmacy OR taper* OR (medication adj5 withdraw*) OR (medicine* adj5 withdraw*) OR (drug* adj5 withdraw*) OR (medicine* adj5 discontin*) OR (medication adj5 discontin*) OR (drug* adj5 discontin*) OR (medicine* adj5 reduc*) OR (medication adj5 reduc*) OR (dose* adj5 reduc*) OR (inappropriate adj2 prescription*) OR (inappropriate adj2 prescribing) OR (medicine* adj5 decreas*) OR (medication adj5 decreas*) OR (dose* adj5 decreas*)

4 1 AND 2 AND 3

Limits: Human Studies only