Table 3 The relative risk ratio of medium and high DASS-21 scores compared to normal scores (Health and wellbeing of Icelanders 2017)

Age group

 18–29

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

 30–39

0.86

0.60–1.25

0.53

0.30–0.96

0.93

0.60–1.45

0.50

0.24–1.05

0.68

0.45–1.02

0.58

0.30–1.14

 40–49

0.74

0.52–1.05

0.38

0.22–0.68

0.62

0.40–0.95

0.29

0.14–0.61

0.55

0.37–0.81

0.25

0.12–0.50

 50–59

0.70

0.50–0.98

0.45

0.26–0.76

0.71

0.47–1.07

0.40

0.21–0.78

0.41

0.28–0.61

0.22

0.11–0.44

 60–69

0.68

0.49–0.96

0.29

0.17–0.52

0.68

0.45–1.02

0.42

0.21–0.82

0.27

0.18–0.40

0.16

0.08–0.34

 70 > 

0.70

0.50–0.98

0.32

0.18–0.57

0.82

0.54–1.23

0.34

0.17–0.70

0.17

0.11–0.26

0.20

0.09–0.41

Gender

 Female

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

 Male

1.23

1.06–1.44

1.71

1.25–2.33

0.76

0.62–0.93

0.73

0.49–1.07

1.26

1.03–1.56

1.11

0.74–1.69

Education

 Basic

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

 Middle

0.70

0.58–0.84

0.70

0.49–0.99

0.73

0.58–0.91

0.61

0.40–0.92

0.83

0.64–1.07

0.95

0.59–1.53

 University

0.68

0.55–0.84

0.72

0.49–1.07

0.59

0.45–0.77

0.48

0.30–0.79

0.82

0.62–1.08

0.91

0.54–1.55

Marital status

 Married/cohabiting

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

 Dating

1.61

1.02–2.52

1.48

0.64–3.41

1.59

0.93–2.70

1.95

0.84–4.52

0.93

0.52–1.67

1.66

0.70–3.95

 Divorced

1.63

1.17–2.27

0.69

0.29–1.68

0.89

0.54–1.45

0.81

0.32–2.02

1.27

0.81–1.98

0.85

0.29–2.45

 Single

1.57

1.27–1.92

2.06

1.46–2.92

1.09

0.84–1.41

0.74

0.46–1.20

0.97

0.74–1.27

0.68

0.40–1.15

 Widowed

1.25

0.92–1.71

1.24

0.63–2.44

0.86

0.58–1.28

1.23

0.61–2.48

0.53

0.27–1.04

0.72

0.26–1.98

How easy making ends meet

 Very easy

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

 Rather easy

1.13

0.92–1.38

1.27

0.80–2.03

1.51

1.15–1.98

1.83

0.99–3.38

1.38

1.04–1.83

1.94

0.98–3.83

 Neither nor

1.35

1.10–1.65

2.05

1.32–3.17

1.82

1.38–2.38

2.84

1.58–5.09

1.57

1.18–2.09

2.81

1.47–5.40

 Rather difficult

2.35

1.83–3.02

3.91

2.41–6.33

3.20

2.34–4.38

4.03

2.10–7.74

2.28

1.63–3.19

4.74

2.36–9.52

 Very difficult

3.37

2.08–5.44

11.19

5.80–21.57

3.23

1.87–5.58

12.35

5.62–27.14

5.06

3.01–8.52

11.55

4.75–28.04

Urban/rural

 Urban

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

 Rural

0.94

0.81–1.10

1.53

1.13–2.07

0.91

0.75–1.10

1.12

0.78–1.61

0.95

0.77–1.16

1.35

0.91–2.01

Employment

 Unemployed

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

 Notunemployed

0.75

0.47–1.19

0.42

0.22–0.79

0.57

0.35–0.94

0.58

0.26–1.30

0.82

0.46–1.47

0.66

0.28–1.58

Taking medication for anxiety

 Currently

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

 Previously

1.04

0.74–1.48

0.73

0.42–1.25

0.83

0.57–1.21

0.51

0.27–0.96

1.02

0.68–1.54

0.54

0.25–1.18

 Never

0.52

0.39–0.70

0.30

0.19–0.48

0.31

0.22–0.43

0.19

0.11–0.32

0.39

0.27–0.55

0.42

0.22–0.78

Taking medication for depression

 Currently

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

 Previously

0.69

0.46–1.03

0.39

0.22–0.70

0.93

0.59–1.48

0.72

0.36–1.46

0.77

0.48–1.25

0.67

0.32–1.39

 Never

0.34

0.25–0.47

0.13

0.08–0.21

0.65

0.45–0.93

0.42

0.24–0.73

0.62

0.42–0.92

0.21

0.11–0.39

Taking medication for other mental

 Currently

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

reference group

 Previously

0.68

0.38–1.21

0.76

0.36–1.61

0.77

0.41–1.47

0.25

0.11–0.59

0.55

0.30–1.01

0.63

0.27–1.50

 Never

0.52

0.33–0.82

0.35

0.20–0.62

0.68

0.41–1.12

0.20

0.11–0.35

0.38

0.24–0.59

0.29

0.15–0.55