Table 1 Characteristics of the sample by depression severity

Women, % (n)

42.6% (870)

60.1% (149)

57.2% (630)

postmenopausal Women, % (n)

28.7% (586)

41.1% (102)

39.7% (436)

Age in years, mean ± sd

55.2 ± 10.9

53.2 ± 10.5

55.1 ± 10.9

Socioeconomic status (SES) (3 = lowest SES, 21 highest SES), mean ± sd

13.20 ± 4.41

11.68 ± 4.12

12.04 ± 4.29

Partnership, % (n)

85.8% (1751)

72.6% (180)

79.5% (873)

PHQ-9, median (IQR)

2.00 (1.00/3.00)

11.00 (10.00/13.00)

6.00 (5.00/7.00)

Somatic symptom dimension of depression

1.00 (0/2.00)

6.00 (5.00/7.00)

3.00(2.00/4.00)

Cognitive symptom dimension of depression

0 (0/1.00)

6.00(4.00/7.00)

2.00(1.00/3.00)

GAD-2, median (IQR)

0 (0/1.00)

2.00 (2.00/4.00)

1.00 (0/2.00)

History of depression, % (n)

/

44.0% (109)

23.6% (259)

History of suicide attempt, % (n)

0.8% (13)

12.4% (23)

3.6% (32)

History of any anxiety disorder, % (n)

/

22.2% (55)

14.3% (157)

Depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) at the 5 –year follow-up

2.4% (42)

52.9% (100)

11.8% (108)

Psychiatric medication

Antidepressants, % (n)

/

18.1% (45)

10.7% (117)

Antipsychotics, % (n)

/

2.4% (6)

1.6% (17)

Anxiolytics, % (n)

/

4.0% (10)

2.8% (31)

Hypnotics and sedatives, % (n)

/

4.0% (10)

3.6% (39)

Physical Disease

Diabetes mellitus, % (n)

8.7% (176)

12.2% (30)

8.6% (95)

Arterial Hypertension, % (n)

51.9% (1058)

46.4% (115)

47.0% (518)

Dyslipidemia, % (n)

34.6% (706)

40.7% (101)

33.9% (372)

Peripheral artery disease, % (n)

3.7% (76)

5.6% (14)

5.1% (55)

Coronary artery disease, % (n)

3.5% (70)

5.7% (14)

5.4% (58)

Chronic heart failure, % (n)

1.4% (28)

1.6% (4)

1.2% (13)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, % (n)

3.7% (75)

5.6% (14)

5.8% (64)

Chronic liver disease, % (n)

0.8% (16)

1.2% (3)

0.6% (7)

Chronic kidney disease,, % (n)

0.5% (11)

0.8% (2)

1.2% (13)

Cancer, % (n)

8.4% (171)

9.7% (24)

10.4% (114)

Arthritis, % (n)

4.1% (83)

8.5% (21)

5.7% (63)

Lifestyle factors

Smoking, % (n)

17.5% (357)

27.4% (68)

20.3% (223)

Physical activity score [in 1000]

7.12 (4.81/9.39)

7.13 (5.01/9.25)

7.04 (4.97/9.50)

Alcohol abuse [24/12 g/d], % (n)

23.9% (488)

22.6% (56)

24.8% (273)

Obesity, % (n)

22.1% (450)

25.4% (63)

25.0% (275)

Biomarkers

C-Reactive Protein (CRP, mg/L)

1.60 (0.50/2.90)

1.80 (1.10/3.50)

1.60 (1.00/3.20)

Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)

1.75 (1.25/2.58)

1.76 (1.23/2.58)

1.76 (1.25/2.53)

Cholesterol [mmol/L]

224.2 ± 41.3

224.2 ± 43.9

224.4 ± 41.7

Systolic blood pressure [mmHg]

133.4 ± 18.0

129.6 ± 16.0

130.2 ± 17.3

Heart rate [beats per minute]

68.1 ± 10.9

68.1 ± 10.6

68.7 ± 10.7