From: Accuracy of the Arabic HCL - 32 and MDQ in detecting patients with bipolar disorder
 | MDD | BD-I | BD-II | Healthy Controls |  |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | N = 86 | N = 22 | N = 37 | N = 281 |  |
Sex |  |  |  |  | χ2 = 4.52; df = 3; p = 0.21 |
 Men | 30 (35%) | 13 (59%) | 16 (43%) | 110 (39%) | |
 Women | 56 (65%) | 9 (41%) | 21 (57%) | 171 (61%) | |
Age | 42 (11) | 42 (9) | 41 (9) | 38 (13) | F[3;421] = 2.85; p = 0.037 |
Education |  |  |  |  | χ2 = 12.03; df = 9; p = 0.21 |
 College or University | 39 (45%) | 8 (36%) | 17 (46%) | 102 (55%) | |
Age of onset of psychopathology | 35 (12) | 35 (10) | 31 (10) | – | F[2;142] = 1.34; p = 0.26 |
Family history of depression | 26 (31%) | 6 (27%) | 21 (57%) | – | χ2 = 8.40; df = 2; p = 0.015 |
Family history of bipolar disorder | 4 (5%) | 6 (27%) | 9 (24%) | – | χ2 = 12.9; df = 2; p = 0.002 |
Suicide attempt | 14 (16%) | 12 (54%) | 11 (30%) | – | χ2 = 14.03; df = 2; p = 0.001 |
Admission to psychiatric services | 16 (18%) | 11 (50%) | 10 (27%) | – | χ2 = 9.14; df = 2; p = 0.010 |
Received a prescription of antidepressants | 70 (84%) | 19 (86%) | 33 (89%) | – | χ2 = 0.73; df = 2; p = 0.69 |
Received a prescription of a second-generation antipsychotic | 9 (10%) | 3 (13%) | 4 (11%) |  | Freeman-Halton extension of Fisher’s exact test: p = 0.93 |
Received a prescription of lithium | 0 (0%) | 2 (9%) | 0 (0%) | – | Freeman-Halton extension of Fisher’s exact test: p = 0.026 |