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Table 4 Association between psychiatric medication (mood stabilizer, Benzodiazepine, anti-cholinergic, and anti-depressant) and cognitive function

From: Effects of antipsychotic and anticholinergic medications on cognition in chronic patients with schizophrenia

 

Mood stabilizer

Benzodiazepine

Anticholinergics

TCA Anti—depressants

Other Anti—depressants

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Mean ± SE

Mean ± SE

Mean ± SE

Mean ± SE

Mean ± SE

Mean ± SE

Mean ± SE

Mean ± SE

Mean ± SE

Mean ± SE

BACS (global score)

-2.50 ± 0.15

-3.15 ± 0.13

-2.75 ± 0.13

-3.04 ± 0.17

-2.53 ± 0.20

-2.99 ± 0.12

-2.85 ± 0.10

-2.98 ± 0.42

-2.90 ± 0.10

-2.15 ± 0.44

p-value

0.002

0.173

0.072

0.762

0.107

Verbal memory (List learning)

-1.98 ± 0.14

-2.23 ± 0.13

-2.14 ± 0.12

-2.08 ± 0.15

-1.77 ± 0.18

-2.25 ± 0.11

-2.09 ± 0.09

-2.55 ± 0.38

-2.16 ± 0.09

-1.46 ± 0.40

p-value

0.197

0.743

0.037

0.241

0.098

Working memory (Digit sequencing)

-1.68 ± 0.16

-2.18 ± 0.15

-1.86 ± 0.14

-2.11 ± 0.18

-1.75 ± 0.22

-2.03 ± 0.13

-1.95 ± 0.11

-2.02 ± 0.45

-1.99 ± 0.11

-1.40 ± 0.48

p-value

0.032

0.284

0.313

0.881

0.242

Motor speed (Token motor task)

-2.13 ± 0.13

-2.54 ± 0.12

-2.27 ± 0.11

-2.52 ± 0.14

-2.13 ± 0.18

-2.45 ± 0.10

-2.37 ± 0.09

-2.25 ± 0.36

-2.37 ± 0.09

-2.21 ± 0.39

p-value

0.027

0.184

0.154

0.761

0.702

Verbal fluency (Semantic, alphabetical)

-1.26 ± 0.12

-1.72 ± 0.11

-1.42 ± 0.11

-1.67 ± 0.14

-1.39 ± 0.17

-1.56 ± 0.10

-1.51 ± 0.09

-1.63 ± 0.35

-1.56 ± 0.08

-0.73 ± 0.36

p-value

0.009

0.175

0.409

0.734

0.030

Attention and speed of information processing (Symbol coding)

-2.07 ± 0.15

-2.69 ± 0.13

-2.26 ± 0.13

-2.65 ± 0.17

-2.24 ± 0.21

-2.48 ± 0.12

-2.42 ± 0.11

-2.27 ± 0.43

-2.44 ± 0.10

-1.88 ± 0.45

p-value

0.004

0.083

0.351

0.740

0.234

Executive function (Tower of London)

-1.57 ± 0.28

-2.56 ± 0.25

-2.02 ± 0.25

-2.28 ± 0.32

-1.50 ± 0.38

-2.36 ± 0.23

-2.07 ± 0.20

-2.77 ± 0.79

-2.17 ± 0.20

-1.15 ± 0.83

p-value

0.014

0.518

0.069

0.397

0.240

  1. Note: the association between the antipsychotics used and the BACS total score and subtests was adjusted for treatment duration, illness length, and chlorpromazine equivalent dose
  2. Mood stabilizer: lithium carbonate and Antiepileptics: Antiepileptics: valproic acid, carbamazepine, pregabalin, topiramate, phenytoin
  3. Benzodiazepines: lorazepam, clonazepam, alprazolam, diazepam, alprazolam, bromazepam
  4. Anticholinergics: trihexyphenidyl
  5. Tricyclic antidepressants: amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine
  6. other antidepressants: venlafaxine, sertraline