Table 2 Parents characteristics and differences in participants’ aggression, negative life events, resilience and self-esteem [M(SD)]
Variable | N (%) | Aggression | t / F | P | Negative life events | t / F | P | Resilience | t / F | P | Self-esteem | t / F | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Father goes out-migrant for work | |||||||||||||
 Yes | 765 (59.12) | 80.99 (23.20) | t = 1.109 | 0.268 | 49.29 (23.95) | t = 5.283 | 0.000** | 88.32 (14.42) | t = −1.877 | 0.061 | 27.36 (5.19) | t = −3.063 | 0.002** |
 No | 529 (40.88) | 79.50 (24.20) | 42.18 (23.60) | 89.82 (13.81) | 28.26 (5.12) | ||||||||
Mother goes out-migrant for work | |||||||||||||
 Yes | 557 (43.04) | 81.17 (23.11) | t = −1.051 | 0.293 | 48.62 (23.31) | t = 2.916 | 0.004** | 87.87 (13.72) | t = −2.338 | 0 .020* | 27.17 (5.04) | t = −3.363 | 0.001** |
 No | 737 (56.96) | 79.78 (23.99) | 44.69 (24.48) | 89.73 (14.48) | 28.15 (5.24) | ||||||||
Father’s educational level | |||||||||||||
 Below primary school | 167 (12.91) | 79.64 (23.74) | F = 3.712 | 0.011* | 47.38 (23.27) | F = 8.059 | 0.000** | 85.31 (14.27) | F = 0.676 | 0.000** | 27.04 (4.64) | F = 2.896 | 0.034* |
 Junior high school | 774 (59.81) | 81.84 (23.27) | 48.20 (24.15) | 88.76 (13.72) | 27.60 (5.16) | ||||||||
 High school | 297 (22.95) | 76.62 (24.09) | 40.46 (23.00) | 91.31 (15.02) | 28.40 (5.24) | ||||||||
 University or above | 56 (4.33) | 82.39 (23.68) | 49.70 (26.03) | 89.46 (13.67) | 28.02 (6.29) | ||||||||
Mother’s educational level | |||||||||||||
 Below primary school | 209 (16.15) | 83.15 (22.93) | F = 1.154 | 0.326 | 49.22 (23.52) | F = 1.251 | 0.290 | 85.24 (14.62) | F = 7.051 | 0.000** | 26.49 (4.80) | F = 4.964 | 0.002** |
 Junior high school | 765 (59.12) | 79.78 (23.85) | 45.96 (23.25) | 89.09 (13.67) | 27.90 (5.09) | ||||||||
 High school | 250 (19.32) | 79.95 (23.39) | 45.20 (26.63) | 90.86 (14.90) | 28.18 (5.43) | ||||||||
 University or above | 70 (5.41) | 80.17 (23.76) | 46.74 (24.47) | 91.34 (13.99) | 27.99 (5.86) | ||||||||
Father’s occupation | |||||||||||||
 Worker | 596 (46.06) | 79.68 (22.18) | F = 0.340 | 0.851 | 46.94 (23.62) | F = 0.603 | 0.661 | 88.30 (13.75) | F = 2.021 | 0.089 | 27.41 (4.97) | F = 2.126 | 0.075 |
 Farmer | 189 (14.61) | 80.26 (23.93) | 46.43 (23.97) | 88.73 (13.97) | 27.77 (4.94) | ||||||||
 Public servant | 42 (3.24) | 80.52 (23.08) | 45.67 (31.05) | 91.81 (16.22) | 27.48 (6.94) | ||||||||
 Businessman | 198 (15.30) | 80.91 (27.84) | 44.03 (25.15) | 91.13 (16.39) | 28.64 (5.67) | ||||||||
 Others | 269 (20.79) | 81.61 (23.31) | 46.96 (23.08) | 88.41 (13.05) | 27.76 (5.07) | ||||||||
Mother’s occupation | |||||||||||||
 Worker | 373 (28.83) | 78.07 (23.41) | F = 2.772 | 0.026* | 45.23 (24.09) | F = 2.085 | 0.081 | 88.25 (13.63) | F = 2.527 | 0.039* | 27.39 (5.20) | F = 1.898 | 0.108 |
 Farmer | 308 (23.80) | 80.25 (23.12) | 46.09 (24.05) | 89.79 (14.66) | 28.38 (4.91) | ||||||||
 Public servant | 79 (6.10) | 76.78 (22.43) | 44.85 (25.91) | 92.67 (15.90) | 27.54 (6.41) | ||||||||
 Businessman | 202 (15.61) | 81.36 (24.77) | 44.39 (23.71) | 89.39 (15.04) | 27.88 (5.17) | ||||||||
 Others | 332 (25.66) | 83.36 (23.62) | 49.53 (23.62) | 87.73 (13.23) | 27.47 (5.04) | ||||||||
Contact frequency | |||||||||||||
 Every 3 days | 378 (29.21) | 79.26 (24.90) | F = 5.383 | 0.000** | 42.05 (23.72) | F = 16.556 | 0.000** | 89.49 (14.53) | F = 15.031 | 0.000** | 28.36 (5.25) | F = 12.495 | 0.000** |
 Every 1 week | 281 (21.72) | 76.77 (24.28) | 41.41 (23.60) | 92.51 (14.36) | 28.80 (4.97) | ||||||||
 Every 2 weeks | 370 (28.59) | 80.52 (22.80) | 48.35 (23.36) | 89.52 (14.05) | 27.50 (5.25) | ||||||||
 Every 3 weeks | 68 (5.26) | 87.90 (23.76) | 51.93 (23.17) | 83.97 (10.99) | 26.37 (4.32) | ||||||||
 Every 1 month or above | 197 (15.22) | 84.81 (20.32) | 56.20 (23.28) | 83.38 (12.43) | 25.88 (4.85) | ||||||||