Fig. 2

The cross-lagged panel model between depressive symptoms and physical activity. The single arrow represents the regression path and the double arrow represents the correlation. The path coefficient reflects the standardization of the model estimation beta value. Age, educational background, monthly income, marital status, chronic disease, and negative life events were entered in this model as covariates, but they are not described for clarity. (***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05; T: Time)