Variables | Total | PPD symptoms | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Yes | No |  | ||||
 | N | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | P value |
Total | 3253 | (100.0) | 954 | (29.3) | 2299 | (70.7) | Â |
Social demographic data | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
18–29 | 1094 | (33.6) | 383 | (40.2) | 711 | (30.9) | < 0.0001 |
30–39 | 2005 | (61.6) | 534 | (56.0) | 1471 | (64.0) |  |
41–49 | 154 | (4.8) | 37 | (3.8) | 117 | (5.1) |  |
Educational level | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Secondary or lower | 787 | (24.2) | 292 | (30.6) | 495 | (21.5) | < 0.0001 |
University or higher | 2465 | (75.8) | 662 | (69.4) | 1803 | (78.5) | Â |
Missing | 1 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (0.0) | Â |
Working status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Working | 564 | (17.3) | 185 | (19.4) | 379 | (16.5) | < 0.0001 |
On maternity leave | 1926 | (59.2) | 506 | (53.0) | 1420 | (61.8) | Â |
Homemaker/unemployed | 762 | (23.5) | 263 | (27.6) | 499 | (21.7) | Â |
Missing | 1 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (0.0) | Â |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Married | 3105 | (95.5) | 879 | (92.1) | 2226 | (96.8) | < 0.0001 |
Others | 148 | (4.5) | 75 | (7.9) | 73 | (3.2) | Â |
Residence local | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Urban | 2360 | (72.6) | 673 | (70.6) | 1687 | (73.4) | 0.0916 |
Rural | 892 | (27.4) | 281 | (29.4) | 610 | (26.6) | Â |
Missing | 2 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 2 | (0.0) | Â |
Obstetric data | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Parity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Primiparous | 1853 | (57.0) | 568 | (59.6) | 1285 | (55.9) | 0.0535 |
2 or more | 1398 | (43.0) | 386 | (40.4) | 1012 | (44.1) | Â |
Missing | 2 | Â | 1 | Â | 1 | Â | Â |
Planned pregnancy | 2614 | (80.4) | 697 | (73.1) | 1917 | (83.4) | < 0.0001 |
 C-Section delivery mode | 1268 | (39.0) | 357 | (37.4) | 911 | (39.6) | 0.2405 |
Preterm delivery | 399 | (12.3) | 120 | (12.6) | 279 | (12.1) | 0.7259 |
Birthweight | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low (< 2.5 kg) | 250 | (7.7) | 73 | (7.7) | 177 | (7.7) | 0.9609 |
2.5 or more | 3002 | (92.3) | 881 | (92.3) | 2121 | (92.3) | Â |
Missing | 1 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (0.0) | Â |
Had health problem during pregnancy, delivery, or postpartum | 1422 | (43.7) | 469 | (49.2) | 953 | (41.5) | < 0.0001 |
Chose 4 or more postnatal support factors | 1275 | (39.2) | 316 | (33.1) | 959 | (41.7) | < 0.0001 |
Impact of COVID-19 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Changes in food insecurity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No change (insecure - insecure) | 298 | (9.2) | 132 | (13.9) | 166 | (7.2) | < 0.0001 |
Worse | 340 | (10.5) | 144 | (15.1) | 196 | (8.5) | Â |
Better | 27 | (0.8) | 9 | (0.9) | 18 | (0.8) | Â |
No change (secure - secure) | 2584 | (79.5) | 668 | (70.1) | 1916 | (83.5) | Â |
Missing | 4 | (0.0) | 1 | (0.0) | 3 | (0.0) | Â |
Ever tested as COVID-19 positive | 417 | (12.8) | 123 | (12.9) | 294 | (12.8) | 0.9351 |
COVID-19 vaccination (yes) | 2348 | (72.2) | 661 | (69.3) | 1687 | (73.4) | 0.0177 |