Skip to main content

Table 1 Factors associated PPD symptoms with social demographic and obstetric women’s data in Brazil, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 3253)

From: Factors associated with postpartum depression symptoms among postpartum women in five countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: an online cross-sectional study

Variables

Total

PPD symptoms

 

Yes

No

 
 

N

(%)

n

(%)

n

(%)

P value

Total

3253

(100.0)

954

(29.3)

2299

(70.7)

 

Social demographic data

       

Age (years)

       

18–29

1094

(33.6)

383

(40.2)

711

(30.9)

< 0.0001

30–39

2005

(61.6)

534

(56.0)

1471

(64.0)

 

41–49

154

(4.8)

37

(3.8)

117

(5.1)

 

Educational level

       

Secondary or lower

787

(24.2)

292

(30.6)

495

(21.5)

< 0.0001

University or higher

2465

(75.8)

662

(69.4)

1803

(78.5)

 

Missing

1

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

1

(0.0)

 

Working status

       

Working

564

(17.3)

185

(19.4)

379

(16.5)

< 0.0001

On maternity leave

1926

(59.2)

506

(53.0)

1420

(61.8)

 

Homemaker/unemployed

762

(23.5)

263

(27.6)

499

(21.7)

 

Missing

1

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

1

(0.0)

 

Marital status

       

Married

3105

(95.5)

879

(92.1)

2226

(96.8)

< 0.0001

Others

148

(4.5)

75

(7.9)

73

(3.2)

 

Residence local

       

Urban

2360

(72.6)

673

(70.6)

1687

(73.4)

0.0916

Rural

892

(27.4)

281

(29.4)

610

(26.6)

 

Missing

2

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

2

(0.0)

 

Obstetric data

       

Parity

       

Primiparous

1853

(57.0)

568

(59.6)

1285

(55.9)

0.0535

2 or more

1398

(43.0)

386

(40.4)

1012

(44.1)

 

Missing

2

 

1

 

1

  

Planned pregnancy

2614

(80.4)

697

(73.1)

1917

(83.4)

< 0.0001

 C-Section delivery mode

1268

(39.0)

357

(37.4)

911

(39.6)

0.2405

Preterm delivery

399

(12.3)

120

(12.6)

279

(12.1)

0.7259

Birthweight

       

Low (< 2.5 kg)

250

(7.7)

73

(7.7)

177

(7.7)

0.9609

2.5 or more

3002

(92.3)

881

(92.3)

2121

(92.3)

 

Missing

1

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

1

(0.0)

 

Had health problem during pregnancy, delivery, or postpartum

1422

(43.7)

469

(49.2)

953

(41.5)

< 0.0001

Chose 4 or more postnatal support factors

1275

(39.2)

316

(33.1)

959

(41.7)

< 0.0001

Impact of COVID-19

       

Changes in food insecurity

       

No change (insecure - insecure)

298

(9.2)

132

(13.9)

166

(7.2)

< 0.0001

Worse

340

(10.5)

144

(15.1)

196

(8.5)

 

Better

27

(0.8)

9

(0.9)

18

(0.8)

 

No change (secure - secure)

2584

(79.5)

668

(70.1)

1916

(83.5)

 

Missing

4

(0.0)

1

(0.0)

3

(0.0)

 

Ever tested as COVID-19 positive

417

(12.8)

123

(12.9)

294

(12.8)

0.9351

COVID-19 vaccination (yes)

2348

(72.2)

661

(69.3)

1687

(73.4)

0.0177

  1. Missing values were excluded (not counted) in all analyses.