Table 1 Demographic characteristics of study participants (n = 519)

Gender

 male

276 (53.18)

166 (60.14)

16 (5.80)

31 (11.23)

63 (22.83)

-1.02

0.31

 female

243 (46.82)

159 (65.44)

14 (5.76)

15 (6.17)

55 (22.63)

Educational background

 Undergraduate

453 (87.28)

275 (60.71)

28(6.18)

44 (9.71)

106 (23.40)

6.48

0.09

 Master’s

32 (6.17)

27 (84.38)

1 (3.12)

0 (0.00)

4 (12.50)

 Doctoral

27 (5.20)

18 (66.67)

1 (3.70)

1 (3.70)

7 (25.93)

 Trainees

7 (1.35)

5 (71.42)

0 (0.00)

1 (14.29)

1 (14.29)

Current place of residence

 China

68 (13.10)

40 (58.82)

2 (2.94)

6 (8.82)

20 (29.42)

6.47

0.04^*

 Asia outside China

376 (72.45)

229 (60.90)

23 (6.12)

36 (9.57)

88 (23.41)

 Other continents

75 (14.45)

56 (74.67)

5 (6.67)

4 (5.33)

10 (13.33)

Current city-wide Outbreak

 Yes

409 (78.80)

243 (59.41)

25 (6.11)

37 (9.05)

104 (25.43)

-3.06

 < 0.01^**

 No

110 (21.20)

82 (74.55)

5 (4.54)

9 (8.18)

14 (12.73)

Residence style

 Live alone

170 (32.76)

98 (57.65)

4 (2.35)

19 (11.18)

49 (28.82)

-2.09

0.04^*

 Live with family or friends

349 (67.24)

227 (65.04)

26 (7.45)

27 (7.74)

69 (19.77)

Smoking

 Yes

23 (4.43)

12 (52.18)

0 (0.00)

3 (13.04)

8 (34.78)

-1.31

0.19

 No

496 (95.57)

313 (63.11)

30 (6.04)

43 (8.67)

110 (22.18)

Drinking alcohol

 Yes

21 (4.05)

11 (52.38)

1 (4.76)

3 (14.29)

6 (28.57)

-0.99

0.32

 No

498 (95.95)

314 (63.05)

29 (5.83)

43 (8.63)

112 (22.49)

Exercise

 Yes

460 (88.63)

291 (63.26)

27 (5.87)

41 (8.91)

101 (21.96)

1.01

0.31

 No

59 (11.37)

34 (57.63)

3 (5.09)

5 (8.47)

17 (28.81)

Staying up late

 Yes

370 (71.29)

211 (57.03)

19 (5.14)

36(9.73)

104 (28.10)

-4.64

 < 0.001^***

 No

149 (28.71)

114 (76.51)

11 (7.38)

10 (6.71)

14 (9.40)

Addicted to the Internet

 Yes

414 (79.77)

242 (58.45)

22 (5.31)

41 (9.91)

109 (26.33)

-4.24

 < 0.001^***

 No

105 (20.23)

83 (79.05)

8 (7.62)

5 (4.76)

9 (8.57)