Table 3 Descriptive statistics and the bivariate association between loneliness and correlates

Age

46.79

12.53

− 0.09

Gender

1.75

0.43

0.02

Comorbidity

1.83

0.37

0.13^*

Tertiary education ^a

0.10

0.30

–0.15^**

Secondary education ^a

0.16

0.37

–0.03

Basic education ^a

0.46

0.50

–0.01

Employment status

1.19

0.39

0.06

Marital status

1.62

0.49

0.12^*

Religious affiliation

1.10

0.30

0.07

Personalized stigma

7.07

1.96

0.32^***

Negative self-image

6.49

2.07

0.25^***

Public attitude

5.54

1.88

0.04

Disclosure

6.14

1.54

0.05

Active coping

5.69

1.83

− 0.02

Denial

4.19

1.91

–0.02

Substance use

3.02

1.65

0.10

Emotional support

5.42

1.90

–0.20^***

Instrumental support

5.42

1.88

–0.21^***

Behavioural disengagement

4.01

1.73

0.15^**

Venting

4.71

1.81

–0.04

Positive reframing

5.44

1.64

–0.07

Planning

5.38

1.82

0.02

Humour

3.36

1.81

0.08

Acceptance

6.58

1.48

–0.13^*

Self-blame

4.51

1.96

0.21^***

Self-distraction

6.17

1.89

0.01

Religious coping

6.52

1.74

–0.04

Loneliness

45.09

9.15