Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics and coping styles among participants at T5

Age

53.73

16.08

54.95

14.89

0.148

0.08

Chronic illnesses: With

131

17.1%

60

10.0%

< 0.0001

0.10

Marital status: Married

373

48.7%

401

66.8%

< 0.0001

0.18

Children: With

360

47.0%

387

64.5%

< 0.0001

0.17

Employment status

Full-time worker

261

34.1%

198

33.0%

< 0.0001

0.48 ^a)

Homemaker

7

0.9%

174

29.0%

No regular employment

235

30.7%

190

31.7%

Not working

263

34.3%

38

6.3%

Household income

< 4 million JPY

326

42.6%

184

30.7%

< 0.0001

0.12 ^a)

4–8 million JPY

207

27.0%

199

33.2%

> 8 million JPY

115

15.0%

99

16.5%

No answer or unknown

118

15.4%

118

19.7%

Economic impact: With

245

32.0%

194

32.3%

0.891

0.00

Brief COPE

Self-distraction

4.13

1.45

4.47

1.51

< 0.0001

0.23

Active coping

4.79

1.54

5.04

1.43

0.002

0.17

Denial

3.22

1.39

3.08

1.25

0.046

0.11

Substance use

3.33

1.54

2.92

1.42

< 0.0001

0.28

Use of emotional support

3.62

1.46

3.97

1.53

< 0.0001

0.23

Use of instrumental support

3.57

1.44

3.90

1.51

< 0.0001

0.22

Behavioral disengagement

3.67

1.45

3.63

1.36

0.625

0.03

Venting

3.62

1.35

3.94

1.38

< 0.0001

0.23

Positive reframing

4.36

1.60

4.60

1.60

0.006

0.15

Planning

4.66

1.61

4.84

1.51

0.032

0.12

Humor

3.61

1.48

3.48

1.42

0.110

0.09

Acceptance

5.52

1.68

5.75

1.63

0.010

0.14

Religion

3.18

1.40

3.16

1.36

0.717

0.02

Self-blame

3.39

1.51

3.22

1.33

0.030

0.12