| Male |  | Female | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | p |  | β | p | |
PHQ-9 at T1 | 0.65 | < 0.0001 |  | 0.59 | < 0.0001 |
Age | -0.08 | 0.009 |  | -0.13 | < 0.0001 |
Chronic illness: With (reference: without) | 0.02 | 0.389 | Â | 0.03 | 0.226 |
Married (reference: single) | -0.06 | 0.095 | Â | 0.00 | 0.989 |
Children: With (reference: without) | 0.04 | 0.323 | Â | -0.01 | 0.820 |
Employment status (reference: full-time worker) | Â | Â | Â | ||
 Homemaker | 0.01 | 0.799 |  | -0.05 | 0.204 |
 No regular employment | -0.01 | 0.813 |  | -0.04 | 0.223 |
 Not working | 0.09 | 0.004 |  | 0.03 | 0.309 |
Household income (reference: 4–8 million JPY) |  |  |  |  | |
 < 4 million JPY | -0.02 | 0.550 |  | 0.04 | 0.302 |
 > 8 million JPY | 0.00 | 0.902 |  | 0.04 | 0.192 |
 No answer or unknown | -0.02 | 0.409 |  | -0.03 | 0.304 |
Economic impact: With (reference: without) | 0.07 | 0.003 | Â | 0.02 | 0.421 |
Brief COPE | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Self-distraction | 0.04 | 0.163 |  | 0.02 | 0.574 |
 Active coping | -0.10 | 0.005 |  | 0.01 | 0.757 |
 Denial | 0.00 | 0.925 |  | -0.04 | 0.323 |
 Substance use | -0.01 | 0.820 |  | 0.07 | 0.032 |
 Use of emotional support | -0.06 | 0.110 |  | -0.03 | 0.496 |
 Use of instrumental support | 0.00 | 0.904 |  | -0.08 | 0.057 |
 Behavioral disengagement | 0.02 | 0.416 |  | 0.10 | 0.006 |
 Venting | 0.07 | 0.037 |  | -0.03 | 0.424 |
 Positive reframing | 0.04 | 0.211 |  | -0.02 | 0.716 |
 Planning | -0.05 | 0.133 |  | -0.05 | 0.295 |
 Humor | -0.02 | 0.508 |  | -0.07 | 0.057 |
 Acceptance | 0.04 | 0.200 |  | 0.04 | 0.314 |
 Religion | 0.07 | 0.017 |  | 0.03 | 0.400 |
 Self-blame | 0.12 | 0.001 |  | 0.18 | < 0.0001 |