Symptoms and risk factors of depression and PTSD in the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal survey conducted from 2020 to 2022 in Japan

Table 3 Results of multiple linear regression analysis for predictors of IESR at T5

	Male		Female
	β	p	β	p
IESR at T2	0.53	< 0.0001	0.47	< 0.0001
Age	-0.04	0.286	-0.10	0.004
Chronic illness: With (reference: without)	0.02	0.326	0.01	0.750
Married (reference: single)	-0.01	0.871	-0.04	0.265
Children: With (reference: without)	-0.02	0.697	-0.01	0.729
Employment status (reference: full-time worker)
Homemaker	0.01	0.741	0.05	0.187
No regular employment	-0.02	0.452	0.03	0.356
Not working	-0.01	0.775	-0.02	0.533
Household income (reference: 4–8 million JPY)
< 4 million JPY	0.05	0.136	-0.04	0.275
> 8 million JPY	-0.03	0.239	0.07	0.057
No answer or unknown	-0.02	0.495	-0.05	0.136
Economic impact: With (reference: without)	0.06	0.011	0.09	0.005
Brief COPE
Self-distraction	0.07	0.029	0.08	0.068
Active coping	-0.02	0.674	0.01	0.836
Denial	-0.02	0.654	0.08	0.044
Substance use	0.02	0.544	0.02	0.543
Use of emotional support	-0.09	0.047	0.01	0.832
Use of instrumental support	0.00	0.939	-0.12	0.015
Behavioral disengagement	0.07	0.024	0.06	0.126
Venting	0.08	0.032	0.02	0.609
Positive reframing	0.00	0.983	-0.04	0.331
Planning	-0.02	0.571	0.02	0.732
Humor	0.00	0.909	-0.06	0.091
Acceptance	-0.03	0.271	-0.06	0.170
Religion	0.04	0.191	0.06	0.105
Self-blame	0.21	< 0.0001	0.18	< 0.0001

ISSN: 1471-244X