Table 2 Results of subgroup analysis of the association between bullying and depression in children and adolescents

Sex

 Males and females

30

97.6

< 0.001

2.78(2.30,3.38)

< 0.001

 Females

1

0.0

1.000

2.10(0.90,4.90)

0.086

Year

 After 2015

15

91.5

< 0.001

2.48(2.06,3.00)

< 0.001

 Before 2015

16

98.0

< 0.001

3.06(2.24,4.18)

< 0.001

Continent

 Asia

14

90.7

< 0.001

2.50(2.03,3.09)

< 0.001

 Europe

13

98.4

< 0.001

3.11(2.22,4.36)

< 0.001

 North America

2

0.0

0.813

2.77(2.43,3.17)

< 0.001

 Oceania

2

0.0

0.712

2.29(1.57, 3.35)

< 0.001

Sampling method

 Simple random

7

96.2

0.001

2.47(1.63,3.76)

< 0.001

 Cluster random

17

93.4

< 0.001

2.67(2.23,3.21)

< 0.001

 General survey

4

82.1

< 0.001

3.80(2.50,5.77)

< 0.001

Types of bullying

 Traditional

16

98.0

< 0.001

2.38(1.89,3.00)

< 0.001

 Cyber

11

79.5

< 0.001

2.93(2.26, 3.78)

< 0.001

 Traditional and cyber

4

79.0

0.003

4.49(3.30,6.12)

< 0.001

Article quality

 Medium quality

21

96.8

< 0.001

2.72( 2.17,3.42)

< 0.001

 High quality

10

91.3

< 0.001

2.85(2.32,3.50)

< 0.001