Table 1 Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients with or without psychotic symptoms

Age (Mean ± SD) ^a

35.15 ± 13.22

35.57 ± 13.69

34.55 ± 12.55

-0.59

0.558

Male (N, %) ^b

252(48.46%)

147(48.51%)

105(48.39%)

0.001

0.977

Years of education (Mean ± SD) ^a

13.10 ± 3.40

12.99 ± 3.44

13.25 ± 3.34

-0.39

0.696

Employed (N, %) ^b

290(55.77%)

171(56.44%)

119(54.84%)

0.13

0.718

Living with family (N, %) ^b

478(91.92%)

274(90.43%)

204(94.01%)

2.18

0.140

Comorbid substance abuse (N, %) ^b

36(6.92%)

18(5.94%)

18(8.29%)

1.09

0.297

Age of disease onset (N, %) ^b,c

4.81

0.028

  Early onset (≤ 25)

250(48.08%)

145(47.85%)

125(57.60%)

  Late onset (> 25)

270(51.92%)

158(52.15%)

92(42.40%)

Duration of undiagnosed bipolar disorder (Month, Median and quartiles) ^a

10(0.00, 54.19)

12(0.00, 49.25)

9.75(0.00, 64.50)

-0.14

0.888

Types of bipolar disorder

49.69

 < 0.001

  BD I (%) ^b

399(76.73%)

199(65.68%)

200(92.17%)

  BD II (%) ^b

121(23.27%)

104(34.32%)

17(7.83%)

Duration of illness (Month, Median and quartiles)^a

45.00(13.00, 111.00)

42.00(12.75, 93.50)

48.00(13.00, 132.50)

-1.56

0.119

Polarity of first mood episode (N, %) ^b

25.85

 < 0.001

  Depressive

307(59.04%)

207(68.32%)

100(46.08%)

  Manic/hypomanic/mixed

213(40.96%)

96(31.68%)

117(53.92%)

History of misdiagnosis

  Major depressive disorder (N, %)^a

270(51.92%)

193(63.70%)

77(35.48%)

40.32

 < 0.001

  Schizophrenia (N, %)^a

89(17.12%)

12(3.96%)

77(35.48%)

88.57

 < 0.001

  Other mental disorders (N, %)^a

89(17.12%)

44(14.52%)

45(20.74%)

3.44

0.063

Family history of mental disorders (N, %)^b

151(29.04%)

91(30.03%)

60(27.65%)

0.35

0.555

History of psychiatric hospitalization (N, %)^b

415(79.81%)

218(71.95%)

197(90.78%)

27.84

 < 0.001

Lifetime suicide behavior (N, %)^b

54(10.38%)

28(9.24%)

26(11.98%)

1.02

0.312

Received drug treatment within the past 12 months

487(93.65%)

281(92.74%)

206(94.93%)

1.02

0.312

Antidepressants use (N, %)^b

160(30.77%)

123(40.59%)

37(17.05%)

32.90

 < 0.001

Antipsychotics use (N, %)^b

392(75.38%)

201(66.34%)

191(88.02%)

32.03

 < 0.001

Mood stabilizer use (N, %)^b

439(84.42%)

246(81.19%)

193(88.94%)

5.78

0.016

Two or more mood stabilizers use (N, %)^b

119(22.88%)

58(19.14%)

61(28.11%)

5.76

0.016

Received non-drug treatment within the past 12 months (N, %)^b

61(11.73%)

33(10.89%)

28(12.90%)

0.49

0.482

Combined with chronic diseases requiring long-term treatment (N, %)^b

58(11.15%)

29(9.57%)

29(13.36%)

1.84

0.175