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Table 4 Comparison between sexes in terms of the ZTPI scale and subscales scores in the total sample

From: Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the briefest version of the Zimbardo time perspective inventory (ZTPI-15)

 

Past negative

Past positive

Present fatalistic

Present hedonistic

Future focused

Gender

Males

9.85 ± 3.13

11.62 ± 2.52

8.50 ± 2.66

9.55 ± 2.48

11.92 ± 2.42

Females

10.07 ± 3.27

11.73 ± 2.48

8.39 ± 2.48

9.09 ± 2.54

12.05 ± 2.28

p

0.516

0.682

0.679

0.085

0.601

Effect size

0.068

0.044

0.042

0.183

0.055

Marital status

Single

10.15 ± 3.18

11.51 ± 2.52

8.45 ± 2.46

9.43 ± 2.40

11.86 ± 2.31

Married

9.56 ± 3.30

12.25 ± 2.32

8.34 ± 2.76

8.69 ± 2.81

12.43 ± 2.31

p

0.097

0.007

0.711

0.016

0.029

Effect size

0.182

0.305

0.042

0.283

0.246

Education level

Secondary or less

9.27 ± 3.84

11.86 ± 2.38

9.55 ± 3.07

8.59 ± 3.00

12.23 ± 2.25

University

10.04 ± 3.18

11.69 ± 2.50

8.36 ± 2.49

9.27 ± 2.50

11.99 ± 2.33

p

0.277

0.748

0.032

0.219

0.645

Effect size

0.218

0.070

0.425

0.246

0.104

  1. Numbers in bold indicate significant p values