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Table 2 Mean and SD of depressive symptoms by background variables

From: The role of self-efficacy and parental communication in the association between cyber victimization and depression among adolescents and young adults: a structural equation model

Background variables

Male

Female

t-test statistics

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

p-value

Age group

     

Adolescents (12–19 years)

1.0152

0.1464

1.0797

0.3416

< 0.001

Young adults (20–23 years)

1.0000

0.0000

1.0098

0.0988

0.009

Educational level

     

Never

1.0270

0.1629

1.0869

0.3603

0.082

Primary &middle

1.0099

0.1280

1.0740

0.3305

< 0.001

Higher

1.0139

0.1369

1.0757

0.3313

< 0.001

Substances use

     

No

1.0107

0.1258

1.0755

0.3321

< 0.001

Yes

1.0178

0.1529

1.1072

0.4021

< 0.001

Inter-parental violence

     

No

1.0127

0.1333

1.0760

0.3343

< 0.001

Yes

1.0163

0.1560

1.0881

0.3488

0.002

Internet access

     

No

1.0076

0.0987

1.0768

0.3360

< 0.001

Yes

1.0143

0.1426

1.0766

0.3339

< 0.001

Paid work

     

No

1.0098

0.1167

1.0755

0.3323

< 0.001

Yes

1.0170

0.1557

1.0813

0.3455

< 0.001

Mother’s education

     

No

1.0115

0.1301

1.0780

0.3396

< 0.001

Yes

1.0155

0.1428

1.0733

0.3231

< 0.001

Wealth index

     

Poor

1.0090

0.1196

1.0736

0.3283

< 0.001

Middle

1.0132

0.1479

1.0671

0.3130

< 0.001

Rich

1.0145

0.1360

1.0825

0.3475

< 0.001

Caste

     

SC/ST

1.0120

0.1318

1.0842

0.3439

< 0.001

Other

1.0132

0.1356

1.0743

0.3322

< 0.001

Religion

     

Hindu

1.0115

0.1253

1.0737

0.3274

< 0.001

Non-Hindu

1.0200

0.1764

1.0878

0.3617

< 0.001

Place of residence

     

Urban

1.0126

0.1321

1.0872

0.3609

< 0.001

Rural

1.0131

0.1367

1.0693

0.3153

< 0.001

State

     

Uttar Pradesh

1.0178

0.1619

1.0748

0.3313

< 0.001

Bihar

1.0075

0.0967

1.0784

0.3385

< 0.001

  1. SC/ST: Scheduled caste/ scheduled tribe