From: Posttraumatic stress disorder and prolonged grief in refugees exposed to trauma and loss
 | Mean/N | SD/% |
---|---|---|
Overall trauma exposure (mean number of types) | 4.01 | 3.32 |
Detention and abuse exposure (mean number of types) | 1.65 | 1.70 |
 Ill health without access to medical care | 78 | 31.45% |
 Imprisonment | 53 | 21.37% |
 Rape or sexual abuse | 7 | 2.82% |
 Forced isolation from others | 29 | 11.69% |
 Being close to death | 146 | 58.87% |
 Forced separation from family members | 40 | 16.13% |
 Lost or kidnapped | 29 | 11.69% |
 Torture | 24 | 9.68% |
Traumatic loss exposure (mean number of types) | 1.24 | 1.15 |
 Murder of family or friends | 114 | 45.97% |
 Unnatural death of family or friends | 120 | 48.39% |
 Murder of stranger or strangers | 70 | 28.23% |
Exposure to conflict (mean number of types) | 1.16 | 1.23 |
 Lack of food or water | 120 | 48.39% |
 Lack of shelter | 76 | 30.65% |
 Serious injury | 30 | 12.10% |
 Combat situation | 48 | 19.35% |
 Brainwashing | 11 | 4.43% |