From: Posttraumatic stress disorder and prolonged grief in refugees exposed to trauma and loss
 | Overall symptom frequency | PTSD/PGD (Class 1) 16% | PTSD (Class 2) 25% | PGD (Class 3) 17% | Resilient (Class 4) 43% | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | N | % | Probability | SE | Probability | SE | Probability | SE | Probability | SE |
PTSD Symptoms – re-experiencing |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Intrusive memories | 125 | 50.40% | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.75 | 0.07 | 0.65 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.05 |
 Nightmares | 85 | 34.27% | 0.77 | 0.07 | 0.56 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
 Flashbacks | 72 | 29.03% | 0.85 | 0.06 | 0.56 | 0.09 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
 Psychological or physiological distress to reminders | 46 | 18.55% | 0.87 | 0.06 | 0.69 | 0.08 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.18 | 0.04 |
PTSD symptoms - avoidance | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Avoid thoughts | 32 | 12.90% | 0.90 | 0.05 | 0.63 | 0.08 | 0.58 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.03 |
 Avoid activities | 103 | 41.53% | 0.78 | 0.07 | 0.77 | 0.06 | 0.49 | 0.11 | 0.21 | 0.05 |
PTSD symptoms - numbing | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Amnesia | 88 | 35.48% | 0.50 | 0.10 | 0.37 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
 Loss of interest | 99 | 39.92% | 0.73 | 0.09 | 0.43 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.03 |  |
 Feeling detached | 73 | 29.44% | 0.73 | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
 Restricted affect | 122 | 49.19% | 0.53 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
 Foreshortened future | 117 | 47.12% | 0.69 | 0.08 | 0.33 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
PTSD Symptoms – hyperarousal |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Insomnia | 48 | 19.35% | 0.90 | 0.05 | 0.66 | 0.08 | 0.42 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.03 |
 Irritability | 58 | 23.39% | 0.90 | 0.05 | 0.89 | 0.05 | 0.45 | 1.00 | 0.15 | 0.05 |
 Difficulty concentrating | 54 | 21.77% | 0.81 | 0.07 | 0.74 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
 Hypervigilance | 110 | 44.35% | 0.79 | 0.07 | 0.55 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
 Startle response | 116 | 46.77% | 0.92 | 0.05 | 0.71 | 0.08 | 0.44 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.04 |
PGD symptoms | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Longing or yearning | 141 | 56.85% | 0.94 | 0.05 | 0.49 | 0.07 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 0.05 |
 Difficulty accepting death | 92 | 37.10% | 0.90 | 0.05 | 0.33 | 0.10 | 0.75 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.05 |
 Difficulty trusting others | 43 | 17.34% | 0.60 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.28 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
 Bitterness | 114 | 45.97% | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.37 | 0.10 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.04 |
 Difficulty moving on | 40 | 16.13% | 0.79 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
 Numbing | 29 | 11.69% | 0.71 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
 Emptiness | 50 | 20.16% | 0.84 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.38 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
 No meaning | 31 | 12.50% | 0.58 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.42 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
 Jumpy | 71 | 28.63% | 0.95 | 0.04 | 0.29 | 0.10 | 0.42 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 |