Table 28 DSM-5 diagnosis of PTSD

• The person has been exposed to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation in ≥1 of the following ways:

○ Directly experienced or witnessed the traumatic event, learned that trauma occurred to close family member or friend (actual or threatened death must have been violent or accidental), experienced repeated exposure to aversive details of trauma

• Presence of ≥1 of the following intrusion symptoms associated with the trauma:

○ Recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive distressing memories, distressing dreams, dissociative reactions (e.g., flashbacks), psychological or physiological distress at reminders of trauma

• Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, including ≥1 of the following:

○ Avoidance of distressing memories or feelings and external reminders (e.g., people, places) of the trauma

• Negative alterations in cognitions and mood associated with the trauma, including ≥2 of the following:

○ Inability to recall important aspect of the trauma, diminished interest or participation in activities, feeling of detachment or estrangement from others, persistent negative beliefs, distorted blame, and negative emotional state

• Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity associated with the trauma, including ≥2 of the following:

○ Irritable or aggressive behavior, reckless or self-destructive behavior, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, problems with concentration, sleep disturbance

• Duration of disturbance >1 month

• Symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning

• Specify whether with dissociative symptoms (depersonalization or derealization) or with delayed expression (full criteria not met until at least 6 months after the event)