Table 1 Distribution and crude association of sociodemographic factors with depression among women of reproductive age in Karachi, Pakistan
Variable | Cases n = 152 | % | Controls n = 152 | % | OR (95% CI) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.60 | |||||
15-25 years | 41 | 27 | 42 | 27.6 | 1.00 | |
26-40 years | 98 | 64.5 | 92 | 60.5 | 1.09 (0.65,1.83) | 0.74 |
41-48 years | 13 | 8.6 | 18 | 11.8 | 0.74 (0.32,1.70) | 0.47 |
Ethnicity | 0.40 | |||||
Urdu Speaking | 82 | 53.9 | 95 | 62.5 | 1.00 | |
Sindhi | 17 | 11.2 | 14 | 9.2 | 1.40 (0.65,3.02) | 0.38 |
Punjabi | 18 | 11.8 | 19 | 12.5 | 1.09 (0.54,2.23) | 0.79 |
Pushto | 11 | 7.2 | 10 | 6.6 | 1.27 (0.51,3.15) | 0.60 |
Balochi, Persian or Northern areas | 24 | 15.8 | 14 | 9.8 | 1.98 (1.96,4.09) | 0.06 |
Family history of psychiatric illness | ||||||
Yes | 51 | 33.6 | 40 | 26.3 | 1.41 (0.86,2.31) | 0.16 |
No | 101 | 66.4 | 112 | 73.7 | 1.00 | |
Education | 0.02 | |||||
None or less than primary | 54 | 35.5 | 36 | 23.7 | 1.00 | |
VI-XII | 60 | 39.5 | 54 | 35.5 | 0.74 (0.42,1.29) | 0.29 |
Graduation or post graduation | 38 | 25 | 62 | 40.8 | 0.40 (0.22,0.73) | 0.003 |
Currently enrolled in school | ||||||
Yes | 6 | 3.9 | 9 | 5.9 | 0.65 (0.22,1.88) | 0.43 |
No | 146 | 96.1 | 143 | 94.1 | 1.00 | |
Employed | ||||||
Yes | 18 | 11.8 | 18 | 11.8 | 1.00 (0.49,2.00) | 1.00 |
No | 134 | 88.2 | 134 | 88.2 | 1.00 | |
Household | ||||||
No. of family members | ||||||
≤ 5 | 65 | 42.8 | 90 | 59.2 | 1.00 | |
> 5 | 87 | 57.2 | 62 | 40.8 | 1.94 (1.23,3.06) | 0.004 |
Monthly income (Rs.) | 0.17 | |||||
≤ 8000 | 48 | 31.6 | 32 | 21.1 | 1.00 | |
9000-12000 | 36 | 23.7 | 40 | 26.3 | 0.60(0.31,1.13) | 0.11 |
13000-20000 | 43 | 28.3 | 46 | 30.3 | 0.62 (0.33,1.14) | 0.12 |
> 20000 | 25 | 16.4 | 34 | 22.4 | 0.49 (0.24,0.97) | 0.04 |
Relation with husband | ||||||
Support in family conflict | 0.36 | |||||
Often | 70 | 46.1 | 81 | 53.3 | 0.64 (0.33,1.24) | 0.18 |
Sometimes | 55 | 36.2 | 51 | 33.6 | 0.79 (0.40,1.59) | 0.52 |
Never | 27 | 17.8 | 20 | 13.2 | 1.00 | |
Verbal, emotional or physical abuse ever | ||||||
Yes | 92 | 60.5 | 65 | 42.8 | 2.05 (1.29,3.24) | 0.002 |
No | 60 | 39.5 | 87 | 57.2 | 1.00 | |
Relation with in-laws | ||||||
Living with in-laws | ||||||
Yes | 72 | 47.4 | 65 | 42.8 | 1.20 (0.76,1.89) | 0.42 |
No | 80 | 52.6 | 87 | 57.2 | 1.00 | |
Relations | <0.001 | |||||
Good | 75 | 49.3 | 122 | 80.3 | 0.07 (0.02,0.25) | <0.001 |
Satisfactory | 52 | 34.2 | 27 | 17.8 | 0.23 (0.06,0.83) | 0.02 |
Unsatisfactory | 25 | 16.4 | 3 | 2 | 1.00 | |
Verbal, emotional or physical abuse ever | ||||||
Yes | 76 | 50 | 26 | 17.1 | 4.84 (2.85,8.22) | <0.001 |
No | 76 | 50 | 126 | 82.9 | 1.00 |