From: Factors associated with depression among adolescents living with HIV in Malawi
Variable | Mean (SD, N)/N (%) | Unadjusted Beta Coef (95Â % CI) | Unadjusted p-value | Adjusted Beta Coef(95Â % CI) | Adjusted p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic factors | ||||||
School Grade | ||||||
 | Not in school or Junior Primary School | 176 (31.3) | 2.37 [0.68-4.06] | 0.02 | 5.25 [3.23-7.26] | <0.0001 |
Senior Primary School | 229 (40.7) | 1.62 [0.02-3.22] | 3.5 [1.78-5.22] | |||
Secondary School or Tertiary | 157 (27.9) | Reference | Reference | |||
Family’s estimated combined income | ||||||
 | Less than 14,000 MK per month | 171 (31.8) | 0.36 [−1.29-2.02] | 0.61 | 0.38 [−1.26-2.02] | 0.64 |
14,000 -49,999 MK per month | 117 (21.8) | −0.85 [−2.69-0.99] | −0.79 [−2.61-1.03] | |||
More than 50,000 per month | 71 (13.2) | −0.48 [−2.65-1.68] | −0.37 [−2.52-1.77] | |||
I do not know | 178 (33.1) | Reference | Reference | |||
Location of home | ||||||
 | In the city | 369 (65.7) | −1.24 [−2.98-0.50] | 0.06 | −1.49 [−3.22-0.25] | 0.06 |
Just outside the city | 93 (16.5) | 0.74 [−1.48-2.97] | 0.3 [−1.92-2.52] | |||
Rural area | 100 (17.8) | Reference | Reference | |||
Time it takes to get to the clinic from home | ||||||
 | 0-30minutes | 71 (12.7) | −0.88 [−2.96-1.20] | 0.71 | −0.92 [−2.98-1.15] | 0.67 |
31-60 minutes | 229 (40.8) | −0.15 [−1.56-1.25] | −0.36 [−1.76-1.04] | |||
>60Â minutes | 261 (46.5) | Reference | Reference | |||
Primary caregiver type | ||||||
 | Father/Mother | 178 (31.7) | −1.63 [−3.39-0.13] | 0.01 | −1.36 [−3.12-0.39] | 0.02 |
Both parents | 112 (19.9) | −3.39 [−5.36--1.42] | −3.09 [−5.06--1.12] | |||
Uncle/Aunt | 138 (24.6) | −1.5 [−3.37-0.37] | −1.32 [−3.18-0.54] | |||
Other/Grandparent | 134 (23.8) | Reference | Reference | |||
Past-traumatic events/stressors | ||||||
Maternal death or employment status | ||||||
 | Not working | 106 (18.9) | −0.95 [−2.71-0.80] | 0.01 | −0.8 [−2.55-0.95] | 0.03 |
Self-employed | 103 (18.3) | −1.51 [−3.29-0.26] | −1.37 [−3.14-0.40] | |||
Employed by someone else | 73 (13) | −3.22 [−5.24--1.19] | −2.97 [−4.99--0.95] | |||
Died | 280 (49.8) | Reference | Reference | |||
Change in caregiver | ||||||
 | No change in caregiver | 422 (75.2) | −1.59 [−3.10--0.08] | 0.04 | −1.59 [−3.09--0.09] | 0.04 |
Caregiver has changed once or more | 139 (24.8) | Reference | Reference | |||
Experience of family/household deaths | ||||||
 | Nobody in my family has died | 149 (26.5) | −2.42 [−3.89--0.95] | 0.001 | −2.51 [−3.97--1.05] | 0.0008 |
One or more people have died | 413 (73.5) | Reference | Reference | |||
Failed school term/class | ||||||
 | No | 327 (58.9) | −1.64 [−2.97--0.31] | 0.02 | −1.73 [−3.05--0.41] | 0.01 |
Yes | 228 (41.1) | Reference | Reference | |||
Experience of forced sex, physical abuse, or witnessed physical violence in the home | ||||||
 | No | 477 (84.9) | −3.16 [−4.97--1.35] | 0.0006 | −2.97 [−4.79--1.15] | 0.001 |
Yes | 85 (15.1) | Reference | Reference | |||
Experience of being bullied for one’s physical appearance | ||||||
 | No | 427 (76.1) | −3.11 [−4.62--1.59] | 0.0001 | −2.78 [−4.31--1.25] | 0.0004 |
Yes | 134 (23.9) | Reference | Reference | |||
Experience of being bullied for taking medicines | ||||||
 | No | 459 (88.4) | −5.7 [−7.75--3.64] | <0.0001 | −5.3 [−7.40--3.19] | <0.0001 |
Yes | 60 (11.6) | Reference | Reference | |||
Hospital admissions in the past year | ||||||
 | No | 510 (90.7) | −2.08 [−4.34-0.17] | 0.07 | −2.13 [−4.36-0.10] | 0.06 |
Yes | 52 (9.3) | Reference | Reference | |||
Behavioral factors/social support | ||||||
Experience of being in a romantic relationship that did not involve sex | ||||||
 | Never had a boyfriend/girlfriend | 479 (85.4) | −3.52 [−5.35--1.69] | 0.0002 | −2.96 [−4.96--0.96] | 0.004 |
Yes, in the past or current | 82 (14.6) | Reference | Reference | |||
Satisfaction with the way I look (physical appearance) | ||||||
 | I am very happy with the way I look | 460 (82) | −4.65 [−6.31--2.99] | <0.0001 | −4.34 [−6.00--2.68] | <0.0001 |
I am somewhat/ not at all satisfied with the way I look | 101 (18) | Reference | Reference | |||
Use of alcohol in the past 30Â days | ||||||
 | Never | 547 (97.3) | −7.76 [−11.77--3.74] | 0.0002 | −7.35 [−11.35--3.36] | 0.0003 |
Once a month or more | 15 (2.7) | Reference | Reference | |||
HIV disclosure status* | ||||||
 | Disclosed and have shared with someone | 273 (48.6) | 0.19 [−1.59-1.97] | 0.09 | 0.98 [−2.86-0.97] | 0.02 |
Disclosed, have not shared with anyone | 184 (32.7) | 1.68 [−0.21-3.57] | 0.98 [−0.74-3.12] | |||
Not disclosed | 105 (18.7) | Reference | Â | Reference | Â | |
Age at disclosure | 12.35 (1.63, 457) | 0.55 [0.10-1.00] | 0.02 | 0.42 [−0.09-0.92] | 0.11 | |
Bio-clinical parameters | ||||||
Child on ART | ||||||
 | No | 36 (6.4) | 0.83 [−1.84-3.50] | 0.54 | 0.99 [−1.66-3.64] | 0.46 |
Yes | 526 (93.6) | Reference | Reference | |||
Efavirenz based ART regimen | ||||||
 | No | 526 (93.6) | −0.71 [−3.38-1.96] | 0.60 | −0.71 [−3.36-1.95] | 0.60 |
Yes | 36 (6.4) | Reference | Reference | |||
Second line ART regimen | ||||||
 | No | 491 (87.4) | 0.68 [−1.29-2.65] | 0.50 | 0.65 [−1.33-2.63] | 0.52 |
Yes | 71 (12.6) | Reference | Reference | |||
History of TB treatment | ||||||
 | No | 309 (55) | 0.77 [−0.54-2.09] | 0.25 | 0.75 [−0.55-2.06] | 0.26 |
Yes | 253 (45) | Reference | Reference | |||
Initial WHO stage | ||||||
 | WHO stage 1-2 | 160 (28.7) | −0.12 [−1.57-1.34] | 0.87 | 0.03 [−1.42-1.47] | 0.97 |
WHO Stage 3-4 | 398 (71.3) | Reference | Reference | |||
Most recent CD4 count | 516 (307, 509) | 0 [−0.01--0.00] | 0.009 | 0 [−0.00--0.00] | 0.02 | |
HIV immunological classification (based on CD4) | ||||||
 | None or not significant | 235 (46.2) | −2.34 [−4.18--0.49] | 0.03 | −2.26 [−4.09--0.43] | 0.05 |
Mild | 112 (22) | −0.94 [−3.05-1.18] | −1 [−3.09-1.09] | |||
Advanced | 68 (13.4) | −0.16 [−2.56-2.25] | −0.15 [−2.53-2.22] | |||
Severe | 94 (18.5) | Reference | Reference | |||
Current nutritional status | ||||||
 | Normal | 544 (96.8) | −2.44 [−6.15-1.28] | 0.20 | −3.14 [−6.83-0.56] | 0.10 |
Malnourished | 18 (3.2) | Reference | Reference | |||
BMI for age z-score | −0.88 (1.18, 561) | 0.08 [−0.48-0.63] | 0.79 | −0.19 [−0.76-0.39] | 0.52 | |
Height for age z-score | −1.79 (1.16, 561) | −0.98 [−1.54-0.42] | 0.0006 | −1.31 [−1.88-0.74] | <0.0001 |