From: Factors associated with depression among adolescents living with HIV in Malawi
 | Variable | Mean (SD, N)/N (%) | N (%) | Unadjusted OR (95 % CI) | Unadjusted p-value (overall) | Adjusted OR (95 % CI) | Adjusted p-value (overall) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic factors | |||||||
School Grade | |||||||
 | Not in school/Junior Primary School | 176 (31.3) | 35 (19.9) | 1.45 [0.81-2.57] | 0.27 | 2.82 [1.39-5.73] | 0.009 |
 | Senior Primary School | 229 (40.7) | 48 (21) | 1.54 [0.90-2.66] | 2.36 [1.29-4.32] | ||
 | Secondary School or Tertiary | 157 (27.9) | 23 (14.6) | Reference | Reference | ||
Family’s estimated combined income | |||||||
 | Less than 14,000 MK per month | 171 (31.8) | 36 (21.1) | 1.32 [0.77-2.25] | 0.24 | 1.33 [0.77-2.28] | 0.23 |
 | 14,000 -49,999 MK per month | 117 (21.8) | 16 (13.7) | 0.78 [0.40-1.51] | 0.79 [0.41-1.54] | ||
 | More than 50,000 per month | 71 (13.2) | 17 (23.9) | 1.55 [0.79-3.04] | 1.61 [0.82-3.16] | ||
 | I do not know | 178 (33.1) | 30 (16.9) | Reference | Reference | ||
Location of home | |||||||
 | In the city | 369 (65.7) | 67 (18.2) | 0.83 [0.48-1.45] | 0.81 | 0.78 [0.45-1.36] | 0.69 |
 | Just outside the city | 93 (16.5) | 18 (19.4) | 0.9 [0.45-1.83] | 0.81 [0.40-1.65] | ||
 | Rural area | 100 (17.8) | 21 (21) | Reference | Reference | ||
Time it take to get to the clinic from home | |||||||
 | 0-30minutes | 71 (12.7) | 14 (19.7) | 1.25 [0.64-2.43] | 0.38 | 1.22 [0.62-2.40] | 0.50 |
 | 31-60 minutes | 229 (40.8) | 49 (21.4) | 1.38 [0.88-2.17] | 1.31 [0.83-2.08] | ||
 | >60 minutes | 261 (46.5) | 43 (16.5) | Reference | Reference | ||
Primary caregiver type | |||||||
 | Father/Mother | 178 (31.7) | 33 (18.5) | 0.64 [0.38-1.10] | 0.04 | 0.68 [0.39-1.17] | 0.07 |
 | Both parents | 112 (19.9) | 13 (11.6) | 0.37 [0.19-0.74] | 0.4 [0.20-0.81] | ||
 | Uncle/Aunt | 138 (24.6) | 25 (18.1) | 0.63 [0.35-1.12] | 0.64 [0.36-1.15] | ||
 | Other/Grandparent | 134 (23.8) | 35 (26.1) | Reference | Reference | ||
Past-traumatic events/stressors | |||||||
Maternal death or employment status | |||||||
 | Not working | 106 (18.9) | 19 (17.9) | 0.77 [0.43-1.36] | 0.21 | 0.8 [0.45-1.43] | 0.31 |
 | Self-employed | 103 (18.3) | 14 (13.6) | 0.55 [0.29-1.04] | 0.58 [0.30-1.09] | ||
 | Employed by someone else | 73 (13) | 11 (15.1) | 0.62 [0.31-1.26] | 0.67 [0.33-1.36] | ||
 | Died | 280 (49.8) | 62 (22.1) | Reference | Reference | ||
Change in caregiver | |||||||
 | No change in caregiver | 422 (75.2) | 70 (16.6) | 0.57 [0.36-0.90] | 0.02 | 0.57 [0.36-0.90] | 0.02 |
 | Caregiver has changed once or more | 139 (24.8) | 36 (25.9) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
Experience of family/household deaths | |||||||
 | Nobody in my family has died | 149 (26.5) | 22 (14.8) | 0.68 [0.41-1.13] | 0.14 | 0.67 [0.40-1.12] | 0.12 |
 | One or more people have died | 413 (73.5) | 84 (20.3) | Reference | Reference | ||
Failed school term/class | |||||||
 | No | 327 (58.9) | 55 (16.8) | 0.78 [0.51-1.20] | 0.26 | 0.76 [0.49-1.17] | 0.21 |
 | Yes | 228 (41.1) | 47 (20.6) | Reference | Reference | ||
Experience of forced sex, physical abuse, or witnessed physical violence in the home | |||||||
 | No | 477 (84.9) | 79 (16.6) | 0.43 [0.25-0.71] | 0.001 | 0.45 [0.26-0.76] | 0.003 |
 | Yes | 85 (15.1) | 27 (31.8) | Reference | Reference | ||
Experience of being bullied for one’s physical appearance | |||||||
 | No | 427 (76.1) | 70 (16.4) | 0.53 [0.34-0.85] | 0.008 | 0.58 [0.36-0.93] | 0.02 |
 | Yes | 134 (23.9) | 36 (26.9) | Reference | Reference | ||
Experience of being bullied for taking medicines | |||||||
 | No | 459 (88.4) | 73 (15.9) | 0.23 [0.13-0.41] | <0.0001 | 0.27 [0.15-0.48] | <0.0001 |
 | Yes | 60 (11.6) | 27 (45) | Reference | Reference |  | |
Hospital admissions in the past year | |||||||
 | No | 510 (90.7) | 92 (18) | 0.6 [0.31-1.15] | 0.12 | 0.58 [0.30-1.13] | 0.11 |
 | Yes | 52 (9.3) | 14 (26.9) | Reference | Reference | ||
Behavioral factors/social support | |||||||
Past history of being in a romantic relationship that did not involve sex | |||||||
 | Never had a boyfriend/girlfriend | 479 (85.4) | 83 (17.3) | 0.54 [0.31-0.92] | 0.02 | 0.65 [0.36-1.18] | 0.16 |
 | Yes, in the past or current | 82 (14.6) | 23 (28) | Reference | Reference | ||
Satisfaction with the way I look (physical appearance) | |||||||
 | I am very happy with the way I look | 460 (82) | 77 (16.7) | 0.5 [0.30-0.82] | 0.006 | 0.54 [0.33-0.89] | 0.02 |
 | I am somewhat/ not at all satisfied with the way I look | 101 (18) | 29 (28.7) | Reference | Reference | ||
Use of alcohol in the past 30Â days | |||||||
 | Never | 547 (97.3) | 100 (18.3) | 0.34 [0.12-0.96] | 0.04 | 0.37 [0.13-1.07] | 0.07 |
 | Once a month or more | 15 (2.7) | 6 (40) | Reference | Reference | ||
HIV disclosure status* | |||||||
 | Disclosed and have shared with someone | 273 (48.6) | 51 (18.7) | 1.19 [0.65-2.17] | 0.64 | 0.90 [0.47-1.75] | 0.54 |
 | Disclosed, have not shared with anyone | 184 (32.7) | 38 (20.7) | 1.35 [0.72-2.53] | 1.19 [0.62-2.28] | ||
 | Not disclosed | 105 (18.7) | 17 (16.2) | Reference | Reference | ||
 | Age at disclosure | 12.3 (1.6, 4.6) |  | 1.27 [1.11-1.47] | 0.0008 | 1.31 [1.11-1.56] | 0.002 |
Bio-clinical parameters | |||||||
 | Child on ART | ||||||
 | No | 36 (6.4) | 4 (11.1) | 0.52 [0.18-1.50] | 0.23 | 0.54 [0.18-1.56] | 0.25 |
 | Yes | 526 (93.6) | 102 (19.4) | Reference | Reference | ||
Efavirenz based ART regimen | |||||||
 | No | 526 (93.6) | 103 (19.6) | 2.68 [0.81-8.90] | 0.11 | 2.75 [0.82-9.19] | 0.10 |
 | Yes | 36 (6.4) | 3 (8.3) | Reference | Reference | ||
Second line ART regimen | |||||||
 | No | 491 (87.4) | 94 (19.1) | 1.16 [0.60-2.25] | 0.65 | 1.18 [0.60-2.31] | 0.63 |
 | Yes | 71 (12.6) | 12 (16.9) | Reference | Reference | ||
History of TB treatment | |||||||
 | No | 309 (55) | 61 (19.7) | 1.14 [0.74-1.74] | 0.56 | 1.13 [0.74-1.75] | 0.56 |
 | Yes | 253 (45) | 45 (17.8) | Reference | Reference | ||
Initial WHO stage | |||||||
 | WHO stage 1-2 | 160 (28.7) | 28 (17.5) | 0.88 [0.55-1.43] | 0.61 | 0.91 [0.56-1.47] | 0.71 |
 | WHO Stage 3-4 | 398 (71.3) | 77 (19.3) | Reference | Reference | ||
 | Most recent CD4 count | 516 (307, 509) |  | 1 [1.00-1.00] | 0.08 | 1 [1.00-1.00] | 0.12 |
HIV immunological classification | |||||||
 | None or not significant | 235 (46.2) | 32 (13.6) | 0.58 [0.31-1.08] | 0.04 | 0.6 [0.32-1.13] | 0.05 |
 | Mild | 112 (22) | 15 (13.4) | 0.57 [0.27-1.19] | 0.57 [0.27-1.19] | ||
 | Advanced | 68 (13.4) | 18 (26.5) | 1.33 [0.64-2.77] | 1.35 [0.64-2.82] | ||
 | Severe | 94 (18.5) | 20 (21.3) | Reference | Reference | ||
Current nutritional status | |||||||
 | Normal | 544 (96.8) | 100 (18.4) | 0.45 [0.17-1.23] | 0.12 | 0.38 [0.13-1.05] | 0.06 |
 | Malnourished | 18 (3.2) | 6 (33.3) | Reference | Reference | ||
 | BMI for age z-score | −0.88 (1.18, 561) |  | 0.96 [0.80-1.14] | 0.61 | 0.89 [0.74-1.08] | 0.24 |
 | Height for age z-score | −1.79 (1.16, 561) |  | 0.93 [0.78-1.12] | 0.46 | 0.87 [0.72-1.06] | 0.17 |