From: Psychosis associated with acute recreational drug toxicity: a European case series
 | All presentations where the drug was reported | Crude | Adjusted | Presentations where the drug was the single agent reported | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drug | Total n (%) | With psychosis n (%) | Odds ratio | 95% CI | p-value | Odds ratio | 95% CI | p-value | Total n (%) | With psychosis n (%) |
Tryptamines | 7 (0.1) | 4 (57.1) | 20.1 | 4.5 – 90.0 | < 0.001 | 12.4 | 2.3 – 65.2 | 0.003 | 2 (0.1) | 2 (100) |
MDPV | 22 (0.4) | 6 (27.3) | 5.7 | 2.2 – 14.6 | < 0.001 | 6.5 | 2.2 – 19.2 | 0.001 | 2 (0.1) | 2 (100) |
Methylphenidate | 26 (0.5) | 6 (23.1) | 4.5 | 1.8 – 11.3 | 0.001 | 3.9 | 1.5 – 10.2 | 0.006 | 5 (0.2) | 2 (40.0) |
LSD | 86 (1.6) | 18 (20.9) | 4.1 | 2.4 – 7.0 | < 0.001 | 3.1 | 1.8 – 5.5 | < 0.001 | 27 (1.3) | 7 (25.9) |
Amphetamine | 593 (10.7) | 87 (14.7) | 3.1 | 2.4 – 4.0 | < 0.001 | 3.0 | 2.3 – 4.0 | < 0.001 | 136 (6.7) | 44 (32.4) |
Methamphetamine | 186 (3.4) | 21 (11.3) | 2.0 | 1.2 – 3.1 | 0.005 | 2.3 | 1.4 – 3.8 | 0.001 | 44 (2.2) | 8 (18.2) |
Psilocybe mushroomsa | 16 (0.3) | 3 (18.8) | 3.5 | 0.98 – 12.2 | 0.054 | 2.2 | 0.60 – 8.0 | 0.24 | 6 (0.3) | 1 (16.7) |
SCRA | 26 (0.5) | 4 (15.4) | 2.7 | 0.93 – 8.0 | 0.066 | 1.8 | 0.61 – 5.4 | 0.29 | 17 (0.8) | 3 (17.6) |
Cannabis | 904 (16.4) | 90 (10.0) | 1.9 | 1.5 – 2.4 | < 0.001 | 1.5 | 1.2 – 2.0 | 0.002 | 216 (10.6) | 31 (14.4) |
Z-drugs | 106 (1.9) | 8 (7.5) | 1.2 | 0.59 – 2.5 | 0.59 | 1.4 | 0.68 – 3.1 | 0.34 | 16 (0.8) | - |
Fentanyl | 47 (0.9) | 4 (8.5) | 1.4 | 0.50 – 3.9 | 0.53 | 1.3 | 0.44 – 3.9 | 0.64 | 10 (0.5) | 2 (20.0) |
Tramadol | 34 (0.6) | 3 (8.8) | 1.4 | 0.44 – 4.7 | 0.55 | 1.3 | 0.39 – 4.7 | 0.64 | 5 (0.2) | 1 (20.0) |
Crack | 136 (2.5) | 6 (4.4) | 0.68 | 0.30 – 1.6 | 0.36 | 1.1 | 0.45 – 2.5 | 0.89 | 24 (1.2) | 3 (12.5) |
Cocaine | 957 (17.3) | 56 (5.9) | 0.91 | 0.68 – 1.2 | 0.54 | 0.93 | 0.68 – 1.3 | 0.65 | 164 (8.1) | 11 (6.7) |
Pregabalin | 79 (1.4) | 4 (5.1) | 0.79 | 0.29 – 2.2 | 0.65 | 0.92 | 0.31 – 2.8 | 0.88 | 3 (0.1) | - |
Mephedrone | 245 (4.4) | 14 (5.7) | 0.90 | 0.52 – 1.6 | 0.70 | 0.90 | 0.50 – 1.6 | 0.72 | 72 (3.5) | 4 (5.6) |
Buprenorphine | 89 (1.6) | 6 (6.7) | 1.1 | 0.47 – 2.5 | 0.86 | 0.90 | 0.36 – 2.2 | 0.82 | 16 (0.8) | 1 (6.3) |
Ketamine | 128 (2.3) | 5 (3.9) | 0.60 | 0.24 – 1.5 | 0.27 | 0.59 | 0.23 – 1.5 | 0.26 | 12 (0.6) | - |
MDMA | 461 (8.3) | 20 (4.3) | 0.66 | 0.41 – 1.0 | 0.073 | 0.58 | 0.36 – 0.95 | 0.030 | 59 (2.9) | - |
Benzodiazepines | 1011 (18.3) | 34 (3.4) | 0.47 | 0.33 – 0.67 | < 0.001 | 0.53 | 0.36 – 0.78 | 0.001 | 79 (3.9) | 2 (2.5) |
Methedrone | 92 (1.7) | 3 (3.3) | 0.50 | 0.16 – 1.6 | 0.24 | 0.49 | 0.15 – 1.6 | 0.24 | 21 (1.0) | 1 (4.8) |
GHB/GBL | 710 (12.8) | 25 (3.5) | 0.51 | 0.34 – 0.77 | 0.001 | 0.38 | 0.25 – 0.59 | < 0.001 | 215 (10.6) | 4 (1.9) |
Methadone | 248 (4.5) | 6 (2.4) | 0.36 | 0.16 – 0.81 | 0.014 | 0.34 | 0.14 – 0.80 | 0.014 | 38 (1.9) | 1 (2.6) |
Heroin | 1344 (24.3) | 21 (1.6) | 0.19 | 0.12 – 0.29 | < 0.001 | 0.18 | 0.11 – 0.28 | < 0.001 | 564 (27.8) | 8 (1.4) |
Other cathinones | 20 (0.4) | 4 (20.0) | 3.8 | 1.2 – 11.3 | 0.019 | 3.0 | 0.97 – 9.4 | 0.057 | 10 (0.5) | 1 (10.0) |
Other amphetamine derivatives | 27 (0.5) | 4 (14.8) | 2.6 | 0.90 – 7.6 | 0.078 | 1.8 | 0.57 – 5.5 | 0.33 | 4 (0.2) | 2 (50.0) |
Other stimulants | 36 (0.7) | 5 (13.9) | 2.4 | 0.94 – 6.4 | 0.068 | 2.0 | 0.75 – 5.3 | 0.17 | 8 (0.4) | 3 (37.5) |
Other hallucinogens | 55 (1.0) | 8 (14.5) | 2.6 | 1.2 – 5.5 | 0.015 | 2.3 | 1.0 – 5.1 | 0.040 | 20 (1.0) | 3 (15.0) |
Ethanolb | 2145 (38.8) | 105 (4.9) | 0.66 | 0.53 – 0.84 | < 0.001 | 0.54 | 0.42 – 0.69 | < 0.001 | - | - |
Other opioids | 204 (3.7) | 5 (2.5) | 0.36 | 0.15 – 0.89 | 0.031 | 0.30 | 0.12 – 0.75 | 0.010 | 51 (2.5) | - |
Total | 5529 (100)c | 348 (6.3) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 2030 (100) | 159 (7.8) |