Table 2 Comparisons of catastrophic trauma events (based on HTQ) between cases and controls
From: Severe war-related trauma and personality pathology: a case-control study
Type of severe traumatic event (based on Harvard Trauma Questionnaire) | Cases (IPDE positive) NÂ =Â 182 | Controls (IPDE negative) NÂ =Â 86 | Proportion difference (95% CI of the difference) |
|---|---|---|---|
Being under sniper fire N (%) | 100 (55.2) | 11 (12.8) | 0.42 (0.31 to 0.51)** |
Witnessed burned or disfigured bodies N (%) | 85 (47.0) | 7 (2.6) | 0.39 (0.28 to 0.47)** |
Murder or death due to violence of other family members (not spouse or a child) or friends N (%) | 58 (32.2) | 8 (9.3) | 0.23 (0.12 to 0.31)** |
Ran into an ambush N (%) | 62 (34.1) | 3 (3.5) | 0.31(0.22 to 0.38) ** |
Witnessed torture N (%) | 33 (18.1) | 1 (1.2) | 0.17 (0.10 to 0.23) ** |
Witness killing or murder N (%) | 33 (18.3) | 0 (0) | 0.18 (0.12 to 0.24) ** |
Serious physical injury from combat or landmine N (%) | 24 (13.3) | 1 (1.2) | 0.12 (0.05 to 0.18) ** |
Other types of sexual abuse or sexual humiliation (excluding rape) N (%) | 11 (6.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.11)* |
Torture N (%) | 11 (6.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.11)* |
Forced to find and burry bodies of the dead N (%) | 10 (5.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.09)* |
Solitary confinement N (%) | 9 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.05 (0.001 to 0.09) |
Forced to harm others N (%) | 9 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.05 (0.001 to 0.09) |
Murder or death due to violence of son or daughter N (%) | 3 (1.6) | 2 (2.3) | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.06) |
Rape N (%) | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.04) |
Kidnapped N (%) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (1.2) | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.04) |
Murder or death due to violence of spouse N (%) | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.06) |
Witnessed rape or sexual abuse N (%) | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.04) |