Fig. 2

Proportion With Chronic Dispensing. A statistically significant decreasing trend (P < 0.05) in the proportion of individuals dispensed opioids chronically from 2015 to 2019 was observed in patients with schizophrenia, in patients with bipolar disorder, and in associated matched controls. A In the Commercial database, the slope of the joinpoint regression line was − 1.01 in patients with schizophrenia (solid red line) and − 0.37 in matched controls (dashed red line); the slopes differed significantly (ie, the hypothesis that the regression lines were parallel was rejected; P = 0.03). The slopes of the joinpoint regression lines in patients with bipolar disorder (− 1.30; solid black line) and in their matched controls (− 0.29; dashed black line) were also significantly different (P = 0.0002). B In the Medicaid database, a joinpoint was identified in 2017 in the regression lines for patients with schizophrenia and for controls; the slopes for the 2 cohorts did not differ (2015 to 2017: slope = − 2.68 and 2017 to 2019: slope = − 1.69; P = 0.78). For patients with bipolar disorder, the slope was −3.86 from 2015 to 2019, which differed significantly from their matched controls (2015 to 2017: slope = −2.53 and 2017 to 2019: −1.21, with a joinpoint at 2017; P = 0.03). *Slope significantly different from control