Fig. 1

Relationship between attachment style and social media addiction. This stacked bar chart depicts the proportion of participants with ‘secure’ and ‘insecure’ attachment styles as determined by the Bielefeld Questionnaire on Partnership Expectations (BFPE). Attachment styles are defined by responses to three scales: conscious need for care, fear of rejection, and readiness for self-disclosure. These styles are subsequently dichotomized into ‘secure’ (including secure and conditionally secure styles) and ‘insecure’ (including avoidant-closed, ambivalent-clingy, and ambivalent-closed styles). Dark gray bars represent participants not addicted to social media, while light gray bars represent those with a self-reported addiction determined by the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS). The numbers within the bars indicate the count of participants in each category