Table 4 Mean differences in digital addiction
Variables | Total sample | First-time test takers | Repeat test takers | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean & SD | F/t | p-value | Mean ± SD | F/t | p-value | Mean ± SD | F/t | p-value | |
Sociodemographic variables | |||||||||
Gender | |||||||||
Male | 16.40 ± 6.01 | 2.617 | < 0.001 | 16.28 ± 5.97 | 1.978 | < 0.001 | 16.56 ± 6.08 | 1.610 | 0.012 |
Female | 15.76 ± 5.15 | 15.67 ± 5.08 | 15.92 ± 5.30 | ||||||
Permanent residence | |||||||||
Rural | 16.10 ± 5.69 | 0.515 | 0.037 | 16.08 ± 5.64 | 1.145 | 0.059 | 16.14 ± 5.78 | -0.719 | 0.400 |
Urban | 15.97 ± 5.34 | 15.71 ± 5.24 | 16.46 ± 5.51 | ||||||
Religion | |||||||||
Muslim | 16.03 ± 5.62 | -0.341 | 0.133 | 15.90 ± 5.56 | -0.535 | 0.167 | 16.22 ± 5.71 | 0.077 | 0.546 |
Other | 16.15 ± 5.29 | 16.13 ± 5.17 | 16.18 ± 5.56 | ||||||
Family Type | |||||||||
Nuclear | 15.95 ± 5.61 | -1.833 | 0.514 | 15.88 ± 5.51 | -0.985 | 0.812 | 16.07 ± 5.77 | -1.622 | 0.157 |
Joint | 16.51 ± 5.52 | 16.26 ± 5.51 | 16.87 ± 5.52 | ||||||
Monthly income (BDT) | |||||||||
Low Income | 16.09 ± 5.97 | 0.289 | 0.749 | 15.91 ± 6.00 | 0.311 | 0.733 | 16.29 ± 5.94 | 0.033 | 0.967 |
Middle income | 15.90 ± 5.50 | 15.72 ± 5.48 | 16.19 ± 5.53 | ||||||
High Income | 16.12 ± 5.45 | 16.02 ± 5.33 | 16.31 ± 5.69 | ||||||
Admission-related variables | |||||||||
Secondary school certificate GPA | |||||||||
Poor (< 4.5) | 16.10 ± 5.99 | 0.326 | 0.722 | 16.62 ± 6.08 | 1.630 | 0.196 | 15.70 ± 5.92 | 0.783 | 0.457 |
Moderate (4.5–4.99) | 16.14 ± 5.64 | 16.06 ± 5.65 | 16.24 ± 5.64 | ||||||
High (5) | 15.93 ± 5.37 | 15.75 ± 5.24 | 16.34 ± 5.64 | ||||||
Higher secondary school certificate GPA | |||||||||
Poor (< 4.5) | 16.30 ± 5.44 | 0.187 | 0.829 | 16.59 ± 5.51 | 0.732 | 0.481 | 15.68 ± 5.29 | 0.174 | 0.840 |
Moderate (4.5–4.99) | 15.96 ± 5.77 | 15.78 ± 5.60 | 16.22 ± 6.03 | ||||||
High (5) | 16.03 ± 5.55 | 15.91 ± 5.40 | 16.22 ± 5.60 | ||||||
Coached by professional or coaching center | |||||||||
Yes | 16.11 ± 5.54 | 0.849 | 0.531 | 15.95 ± 5.48 | 0.401 | 0.487 | 16.50 ± 5.70 | 1.436 | 0.758 |
No | 15.86 ± 5.68 | 15.76 ± 5.59 | 15.91 ± 5.74 | ||||||
Desired institute/department for admission | |||||||||
Varsity | 16.10 ± 5.72 | 0.558 | 0.643 | 16.01 ± 5.65 | 1.280 | 0.280 | 16.23 ± 5.82 | 0.397 | 0.755 |
Medical | 15.86 ± 5.37 | 15.66 ± 5.28 | 16.26 ± 5.53 | ||||||
Engineering | 16.44 ± 4.99 | 16.12 ± 4.94 | 17.26 ± 5.13 | ||||||
Agriculture | 17.10 ± 6.70 | 21.00 ± 3.61 | 15.43 ± 7.21 | ||||||
Satisfied with previous mock tests | |||||||||
Yes | 15.88 ± 5.53 | -1.097 | 0.583 | 15.89 ± 5.35 | -0.201 | 0.228 | 15.86 ± 5.84 | -1.531 | 0.400 |
No | 16.17 ± 5.63 | 15.95 ± 5.61 | 16.55 ± 5.64 | ||||||
Average monthly expenditure on test preparation (BDT) | |||||||||
<5000 | 15.98 ± 5.87 | 0.547 | 0.579 | 15.46 ± 5.67 | 1.081 | 0.340 | 16.51 ± 6.04 | 1.081 | 0.516 |
5000–10,000 | 15.99 ± 5.46 | 16.00 ± 5.41 | 15.96 ± 5.55 | ||||||
>10,000 | 16.35 ± 5.52 | 16.31 ± 5.53 | 16.48 ± 4.97 | ||||||
Educational background | |||||||||
Science | 15.92 ± 5.44 | 2.398 | 0.091 | 15.78 ± 5.34 | 2.272 | 0.104 | 16.19 ± 5.64 | 0.272 | 0.762 |
Arts | 16.34 ± 5.91 | 16.33 ± 6.00 | 16.35 ± 5.82 | ||||||
Commerce | 17.19 ± 5.89 | 17.26 ± 5.26 | 17.05 ± 6.01 | ||||||
Digital device-related variables | |||||||||
Digital medium used | |||||||||
TV | |||||||||
Yes | 16.12 ± 5.48 | 0.254 | 0.805 | 15.90 ± 5.37 | -0.150 | 0.634 | 16.52 ± 5.66 | 0.652 | 0.864 |
No | 16.04 ± 5.60 | 15.96 ± 5.53 | 16.18 ± 5.72 | ||||||
PC | |||||||||
Yes | 15.89 ± 5.73 | -0.531 | 0.605 | 15.78 ± 6.04 | -0.386 | 0.043 | 16.07 ± 5.21 | -0.322 | 0.080 |
No | 16.08 ± 5.56 | 15.97 ± 5.42 | 16.26 ± 5.78 | ||||||
Phone | |||||||||
Yes | 16.08 ± 5.57 | 0.834 | 0.190 | 15.94 ± 5.49 | -0.093 | 0.534 | 16.29 ± 5.69 | 1.390 | 0.311 |
No | 15.48 ± 5.93 | 15.03 ± 5.74 | 14.74 ± 6.21 | ||||||
Gaming | |||||||||
Yes | 16.46 ± 5.58 | 0.582 | 0.987 | 15.58 ± 5.24 | -0.432 | 0.789 | 18.00 ± 5.93 | 1.501 | 0.957 |
No | 16.05 ± 5.58 | 15.96 ± 5.51 | 16.19 ± 5.70 | ||||||
Screen time | |||||||||
TV | |||||||||
>2 h/day | 15.91 ± 5.22 | 0.083 | 0.476 | 16.67 ± 5.52 | 0.858 | 0.607 | 15.00 ± 4.97 | -1.064 | 0.749 |
≤2 h/day | 15.81 ± 5.63 | 15.23 ± 5.64 | 16.91 ± 5.46 | ||||||
Gamming | |||||||||
>2 h/day | 16.60 ± 5.86 | 0.090 | 0.764 | 16.31 ± 6.18 | -0.107 | 0.664 | 17.70 ± 4.81 | 0.596 | 0.617 |
≤2 h/day | 16.53 ± 5.62 | 16.31 ± 5.84 | 16.94 ± 5.18 | ||||||
Chat | |||||||||
>2 h/day | 16.15 ± 5.41 | -0.153 | 0.420 | 16.41 ± 4.98 | 0.330 | 0.157 | 15.72 ± 6.09 | -0.656 | 0.619 |
≤2 h/day | 16.24 ± 5.75 | 16.15 ± 5.74 | 16.40 ± 5.77 | ||||||
Video | |||||||||
>2 h/day | 16.18 ± 5.32 | 0.117 | 0.405 | 16.10 ± 5.22 | 0.694 | 0.391 | 16.33 ± 5.60 | -0.501 | 0.954 |
≤2 h/day | 16.13 ± 5.57 | 15.78 ± 5.50 | 16.68 ± 5.64 | ||||||
Mental health problems | |||||||||
Depression | |||||||||
No | 13.07 ± 4.66 | -18.602 | < 0.001 | 12.93 ± 4.48 | -15.458 | 0.002 | 13.31 ± 4.94 | -10.479 | 0.053 |
Yes | 17.56 ± 5.42 | 17.51 ± 5.31 | 17.65 ± 5.60 | ||||||
Anxiety | |||||||||
No | 14.16 ± 4.93 | -17.736 | 0.010 | 14.06 ± 4.82 | -14.209 | 0.020 | 14.34 ± 5.13 | -10.486 | 0.238 |
Yes | 18.30 ± 5.47 | 18.26 ± 5.42 | 18.37 ± 5.56 | ||||||