Table 1 Characteristics of the included participants. (n = 4745)
Characteristics | Total Sample | PHQ-9 depression score | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Clinically relevant depression (< 10) | Clinically relevant depression (≥ 10) | |||
Number of participants, n | 4745 | 4330 | 415 | |
Sex, n (%) | < 0.01 | |||
Male | 2255 (47.524) | 2102 (48.545) | 153 (36.867) | |
Female | 2490 (52.476) | 2228 (51.455) | 262 (63.133) | |
Age (years), n (%) | 0.42 | |||
20–39 | 1440 (30.348) | 1331 (30.739) | 109 (26.265) | |
40–59 | 1639 (34.542) | 1482 (34.226) | 157 (37.831) | |
≥ 60 | 1666 (35.111) | 1517 (35.035) | 149 (35.904) | |
Race, n (%) | 0.18 | |||
MA | 645 (13.593) | 596 (13.764) | 49 (11.807) | |
Hispanic | 482 (10.158) | 438 (10.115) | 44 (10.602) | |
NHW | 1990 (41.939) | 1798 (41.524) | 192 (46.265) | |
NHB | 962 (20.274) | 873 (20.162) | 89 (21.446) | |
Other Race | 666 (14.036) | 625 (14.434) | 41 (9.88) | |
BMI, (kg/m2), n (%) | < 0.01 | |||
< 25 | 1299 (27.376) | 1217 (28.106) | 82 (19.759) | |
25 to < 30 | 1512 (31.865) | 1403 (32.402) | 109 (26.265) | |
≥ 30 | 1934 (40.759) | 1710 (39.492) | 224 (53.976) | |
Educational level, n (%) | < 0.01 | |||
Below high school | 855 (18.019) | 732 (16.905) | 123 (29.639) | |
High school | 1066 (22.466) | 965 (22.286) | 101 (24.337) | |
Above high school | 2824 (59.515) | 2633 (60.808) | 191 (46.024) | |
Marital status, n (%) | < 0.01 | |||
Never married | 808 (17.028) | 728 (16.813) | 80 (19.277) | |
Married | 2524 (53.193) | 2375 (54.85) | 149 (35.904) | |
Divorced | 563 (11.865) | 471 (10.878) | 92 (22.169) | |
Widowed | 318 (6.702) | 282 (6.513) | 36 (8.675) | |
Other | 532 (11.212) | 474 (10.947) | 58 (13.976) | |
Family size, n (%) | < 0.01 | |||
1–2 | 2362 (49.779) | 2115 (48.845) | 247 (59.518) | |
3–5 | 1938 (40.843) | 1807 (41.732) | 131 (31.566) | |
> 5 | 445 (9.378) | 408 (9.423) | 37 (8.916) | |
Physical activity, n (%) | < 0.01 | |||
Moderate or greater intensity | 2372 (49.989) | 2231 (51.524) | 141 (33.976) | |
Other | 2373 (50.011) | 2099 (48.476) | 274 (66.024) | |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 0.02 | |||
Never | 579 (12.202) | 534 (12.333) | 45 (10.843) | |
Former | 789 (16.628) | 704 (16.259) | 85 (20.482) | |
Current | 3377 (71.17) | 3092 (71.409) | 285 (68.675) | |
Smoking, n (%) | < 0.01 | |||
Never | 2645 (55.743) | 2479 (57.252) | 166 (40) | |
Former | 1219 (25.69) | 1111 (25.658) | 108 (26.024) | |
Current | 881 (18.567) | 740 (17.09) | 141 (33.976) | |
Sleep health (hours per night), n (%) | < 0.01 | |||
< 7 | 266 (5.606) | 218 (5.035) | 48 (11.566) | |
7 to < 10 | 3111 (65.564) | 2897 (66.905) | 214 (51.566) | |
≥ 10 | 1368 (28.83) | 1215 (28.06) | 153 (36.867) | |
Occupation, n (%) | < 0.01 | |||
Employment | 3695 (77.871) | 3469 (80.115) | 226 (54.458) | |
Unemployment | 1050 (22.129) | 861 (19.885) | 189 (45.542) | |
Health insurance, n (%) | < 0.01 | |||
Private health insurance | 2645 (55.743) | 2495 (57.621) | 150 (36.145) | |
Public health insurance | 1301 (27.418) | 1116 (25.774) | 185 (44.578) | |
No health insurance | 799 (16.839) | 719 (16.605) | 80 (19.277) | |
Hypertension, n (%) | 1826 (38.483) | 1665 (38.453) | 161 (38.795) | 0.74 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 1090 (22.972) | 964 (22.263) | 126 (30.361) | < 0.01 |
Stroke, n (%) | 178 (3.751) | 145 (3.349) | 33 (7.952) | < 0.01 |
Daily dietary intake, Media (IQR) | ||||
Energy (kcal) | 1917 (1469.5 to 2465) | 1923.25 (1485 to 2464.5) | 1857 (1358.5 to 2465.5) | < 0.01 |
Protein (g) | 74.46 (56.14 to 97.19) | 75.2 (56.8 to 97.81) | 65.48 (49.19 to 91.57) | < 0.01 |
Total fat (g) | 74.03 (53.89 to 99.64) | 74.26 (54.5 to 99.65) | 71.98 (47.73 to 99.59) | 0.07 |
Total saturated fatty acids (g) | 23.44 (16.3 to 32.3) | 23.44 (16.45 to 32.3) | 23.36 (14.69 to 32.35) | 0.43 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 255 (162 to 384) | 256 (165 to 386) | 236.5 (138.5 to 361.75) | 0.37 |
Dietary fiber (g) | 15.1 (10.55 to 21.2) | 15.4 (10.7 to 21.44) | 12.95 (8.85 to 18.6) | < 0.01 |
Calcium (mg) | 818.5 (571 to 1119) | 821.5 (575.13 to 1120.5) | 780.5 (532.5 to 1099.5) | 0.17 |
Magnesium (mg) | 267 (202.5 to 354.5) | 269 (206 to 356) | 245.5 (170.5 to 339.75) | < 0.01 |
Sodium (mg) | 3167 (2359.5 to 4085) | 3193.25 (2389.13 to 4099) | 2944 (2063.5 to 3999) | < 0.01 |
Potassium (mg) | 2403.5 (1824 to 3100) | 2424.75 (1864 to 3115.38) | 2130.5 (1555.75 to 2988.75) | < 0.01 |