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Table 1 Demographic characteristics of 34 youths exposed to childhood maltreatment, 35 youths exposed to peer victimisation and 38 comparison participants

From: Atypical brain structural connectivity and social cognition in childhood maltreatment and peer victimisation

Characteristic

Childhood Maltreatment group (n = 34)

Peer Victimisation group (n = 35)

Comparison group

(n = 38)

Analysisd,e

Group Comparisonsa

 

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

F(2,104)

p

Age (years)b

19.9

1.68

19.9

1.65

20.0

1.66

0.07

ns

–

IQ

103.9

10.1

103.1

8.26

102.5

7.24

0.27

ns

–

Socioeconomic status (SES)c

15.4

3.90

17.1

3.67

16.3

3.31

1.29

ns

–

Recent stressful life events scale

(RSLE)

1.21

1.04

1.40

1.33

0.37

0.71

10.0

< 0.001

PV, CM > C

Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI)

8.76

6.97

10.1

8.76

3.16

3.69

11.0

< 0.001

PV, CM > C

Beck’s Anxiety Inventory (BAI)

7.74

8.41

9.0

9.96

2.47

3.47

7.45

0.001

PV, CM > C

Negative and Positive Affect Scale (NAPAS):

       

Negative affect

11.9

3.93

12.3

5.72

8.42

2.86

8.91

< 0.001

PV, CM > C

Positive affect

17.6

4.75

17.9

4.46

23.1

3.13

20.9

< 0.001

PV, CM > C

Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ):

Emotional problems

3.91

2.04

4.14

2.55

2.34

1.67

7.99

0.001

PV, CM > C

Conduct problems

1.79

1.55

1.89

1.45

1.18

1.06

2.89

(0.06)

–

Hyperactivity

4.06

2.47

3.60

2.44

2.76

2.21

2.78

(0.07)

–

Peer problems

2.38

1.63

3.11

1.73

1.58

1.39

8.58

< 0.001

PV > CM > C

Prosocial

7.41

2.11

7.71

1.93

8.53

1.47

3.57

0.03

CM, PV < C

Total difficulties score

12.2

5.39

12.7

5.95

7.87

4.40

9.40

< 0.001

PV, CM > C

Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ):

       

CTQ Severity Classification

Physical abuse

14.3

3.94

6.80

1.49

5.21

0.53

144.3

< 0.001

CM > PV, C

Emotional abuse

17.7

3.40

8.34

2.26

5.82

1.09

237.1

< 0.001

CM > PV, C

Physical neglect

10.1

2.58

6.54

2.09

5.68

1.12

47.4

< 0.001

CM > PV, C

Emotional neglect

17.4

3.30

9.86

3.40

6.87

2.28

115.8

< 0.001

CM > PV, C

Revised Peer Experience Questionnaire (RPEQ):

Relational victimisation

1.33

1.45

8.66

2.67

0.53

0.83

218.8

< 0.001

PV > CM, C

Overt victimisation

1.00

1.48

10.5

4.75

0.05

0.23

146.4

< 0.001

PV > CM, C

Reputational victimisation

1.03

1.31

9.49

2.29

0.16

0.50

398.8

< 0.001

PV > CM, C

European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire

(ECIPQ)

1.06

1.54

10.4

7.06

0.71

1.06

60.2

< 0.001

PV > CM, C

       

F(1,67)

p

 

Age at onset of CM or PV (years)

6.71

2.64

10.2

2.39

–

–

33.9

< 0.001

CM < PV

Duration of CM or PV (years)

8.79

3.79

4.21

1.82

–

–

41.3

< 0.001

CM > PV

 

N

%

N

%

N

%

χ2

p

Group Comparisons

Gender (Males)

12

36

15

43

16

42

0.80

ns

–

Ethnicityf:

      

6.81

ns

–

Chinese

30

88

27

77

36

94

   

Malay

3

9

3

9

1

3

   

Indian

1

3

5

14

1

3

   
  1. aCM childhood maltreatment group, PV peer victimisation group, C comparison group
  2. bThe age range was 17–21 years
  3. cThe SES total score ranges from 6 to 26, with higher values indicating higher status
  4. dTests adjusted for multiple comparisons
  5. eThe values in parentheses are marginally statistically significant
  6. fThe Fisher’s Exact Test was used
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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