Dietary intake of fish, omega-3, omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin D and the prevalence of psychotic-like symptoms in a cohort of 33 000 women from the general population

Hedelin, Maria; Löf, Marie; Olsson, Marita; Lewander, Tommy; Nilsson, Björn; Hultman, Christina M; Weiderpass, Elisabete

doi:10.1186/1471-244X-10-38

Table 2 Relative risk of positive psychotic-like symptoms in relation to estimated dietary intake of fish

From: Dietary intake of fish, omega-3, omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin D and the prevalence of psychotic-like symptoms in a cohort of 33 000 women from the general population

Dietary intake	Positive psychotic-like symptoms^a
	Low level group		Middle level group					High level group
				Energy adjusted		Multivariate^b			Energy adjusted		Multivariate^b
	No.		No.	RR	95% CI	RR	95% CI	No.	RR	95% CI	RR	95% CI
Salmon-type fish and herring/mackerel, frequency
never	5 027	Ref.	4 090					252
1-3 per month	5 962		4 547	0.93	0.88-0.98	0.99^c	0.93-1.05	216	0.72	0.60-0.86	0.81^c	0.66-0.98
1 per week	6 381		4 727	0.90	0.85-0.95	0.99^c	0.93-1.05	248	0.76	0.64-0.90	0.92^c	0.75-1.12
≥2 per week	494		526	1.27	1.12-1.43	1.32^c	1.15-1.51	48	1.74	1.26-2.39	1.90^c	1.34-2.70
Cod/saithe/pike, frequency
never	1 289	Ref.	1 136					96
1-3 per month	7 009		5 311	0.85	0.78-0.93	0.89^d	0.82-0.98	322	0.62	0.49-0.78	0.70^d	0.55-0.89
1 per week	8 096		6 185	0.84	0.77-0.92	0.87^d	0.80-0.95	270	0.43	0.34-0.55	0.46^d	0.36-0.59
≥2 per week	1 470		1 258	0.93	0.83-1.04	0.90^d	0.81-1.01	76	0.69	0.50-0.93	0.57^d	0.41-0.79
Shellfish, frequency
never	4 540	Ref.	3 815					243
1-3 per month	11 075		8 219	0.88	0.84-0.93	0.90^e	0.85-0.95	412	0.70	0.59-0.82	0.78^e	0.66-0.93
1 per week	1 893		1 453	0.91	0.84-0.99	0.92^e	0.84-1.00	78	0.77	0.59-1.00	0.84^e	0.64-1.11
≥2 per week	356		403	1.34	1.15-1.55	1.28^e	1.09-1.49	31	1.70	1.16-2.48	1.42^e	0.94-2.14
All fish and seafood, frequency
never	533	Ref.	476					44
1-3 per month	1 131		996	0.96	0.82-1.11	0.96 f	0.83-1.12	84	0.87	0.60-1.27	0.89 f	0.61-1.31
1 per week	7 025		5 450	0.83	0.73-0.95	0.86 f	0.76-0.89	290	0.48	0.34-0.67	0.51 f	0.36-0.71
2 per week	7 215		5 261	0.77	0.68-0.88	0.82 f	0.71-0.93	264	0.42	0.30-0.58	0.45 f	0.32-0.64
3-4 per week	1 987		1 668	0.88	0.77-1.02	0.93 f	0.80-1.07	80	0.45	0.31-0.66	0.47 f	0.31-0.70
>5 per week	520		541	1.09	0.92-1.30	1.13 f	0.94-1.35	55	1.19	0.78-1.81	1.12 f	0.72-1.74

^a Participants categorized into levels of psychotic-like symptoms; low, middle, high (see methods section)
^b In the multivariate analysis presented, we initially tested the effects of adjusting also for BMI, level of education, country of birth, smoking, dietary intake of meat, dairy products, fruits, cereals and refined sugar, rheumatoid arthritis, gluten intolerance, diabetes and multivitamin supplement. However, none of these covariates change the estimates substantially, and was therefore not included in the final multivariate model
^c Adjusted for age, total energy intake and dietary intake of vegetables, vitamin B12, alcohol, cod-type fish and shellfish
^d Adjusted for age, total energy intake and dietary intake of vegetables, vitamin B12, alcohol, salmon-type fish and shellfish
^e Adjusted for age, total energy intake and dietary intake of vegetables, vitamin B12, alcohol, salmon-type fish and cod-type fish
^f Adjusted for age, total energy intake and dietary intake of vegetables, vitamin B12 and alcohol

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