Depressed | Not depressed | P | Adjusted Odds ratio | 95% CI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | ||||
Gender | 0.03 | ||||||
- Men | 56 | 39.2 | 72 | 50.3 | |||
- Women | 87 | 60.8 | 71 | 49.7 | 1.88 | 1.07-3.31 | |
Age (y) | 0.92 | ||||||
- 31-47 | 41 | 28.7 | 44 | 30.8 | |||
- 48-56 | 54 | 37.8 | 53 | 37.1 | |||
- 57-60 | 48 | 33.6 | 46 | 32.2 | |||
Family history: depression | 46 | 32.2 | 29 | 20.3 | 0.02 | ||
Family history: diabetes | 127 | 88.8 | 105 | 73.4 | 0.01 | 2.64 | 1.26-5.55 |
Smoker | 35 | 24.5 | 25 | 17.5 | 0.15 | ||
Body Mass Index (kg/m²) | 0.02 | ||||||
- 18-<25 | 11 | 7.7 | 26 | 18.2 | |||
- 25 - <30 | 70 | 49.0 | 68 | 47.6 | |||
- >30 | 62 | 43.4 | 49 | 34.3 | |||
Duration of illness (y) | 0.04 | ||||||
- 0-3 | 42 | 29.4 | 59 | 41.3 | |||
- 4-10 | 62 | 43.4 | 43 | 30.1 | |||
- >10 | 39 | 27.3 | 41 | 28.7 | |||
Complications | |||||||
- Renal | 37 | 25.9 | 20 | 14.0 | 0.01 | ||
- Ophthalmic | 37 | 25.9 | 23 | 16.1 | 0.04 | ||
- Cerebrovascular | 22 | 15.4 | 6 | 4.2 | 0.001 | ||
- Hypertension | 9 | 6.3 | 10 | 7.0 | 0.81 | ||
- Dyslipidemia | 89 | 62.2 | 84 | 58.7 | 0.55 | ||
- Cardiac | 35 | 24.5 | 19 | 13.3 | 0.01 | ||
- Arthropathies | 17 | 11.9 | 12 | 8.4 | 0.33 | ||
- Neuropathies | 43 | 30.1 | 30 | 21.0 | 0.08 | ||
Treatment | 0.04 | ||||||
- Oral hypoglycemic | 81 | 56.6 | 100 | 69.9 | |||
- Insulin | 9 | 6.3 | 9 | 6.3 | |||
- Insulin & oral hypoglycemic | 53 | 37.1 | 34 | 23.8 | |||
Compliance of self care activities* | |||||||
- Taking dose on time | 115 | 80.4 | 125 | 87.4 | 0.11 | ||
- Taking dose as advised | 105 | 73.4 | 132 | 92.3 | 0.01 | 0.32 | 0.14-0.73 |
- Dietary restrictions | 74 | 51.7 | 101 | 70.6 | 0.01 | 0.45 | 0.26-0.79 |
- Exercise | 28 | 19.6 | 52 | 36.4 | 0.002 | ||
- Foot care | 105 | 73.4 | 129 | 90.2 | <0.001 | 0.38 | 0.18-0.83 |
Poor glycemic control (Hb1Ac ≥ 7) | 124 | 86.7 | 81 | 56.6 | <0.001 | 5.57 | 2.88-10.76 |