Association of depression with treatment outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A cross-sectional study from Karachi, Pakistan

Table 1 Characteristics of patients presenting to endocrine clinic at the Aga Khan Hospital of Karachi (N = 286)

	Depressed		Not depressed		P	Adjusted Odds ratio	95% CI
	N	%	N	%
Gender					0.03
- Men	56	39.2	72	50.3
- Women	87	60.8	71	49.7		1.88	1.07-3.31
Age (y)					0.92
- 31-47	41	28.7	44	30.8
- 48-56	54	37.8	53	37.1
- 57-60	48	33.6	46	32.2
Family history: depression	46	32.2	29	20.3	0.02
Family history: diabetes	127	88.8	105	73.4	0.01	2.64	1.26-5.55
Smoker	35	24.5	25	17.5	0.15
Body Mass Index (kg/m²)					0.02
- 18-<25	11	7.7	26	18.2
- 25 - <30	70	49.0	68	47.6
- >30	62	43.4	49	34.3
Duration of illness (y)					0.04
- 0-3	42	29.4	59	41.3
- 4-10	62	43.4	43	30.1
- >10	39	27.3	41	28.7
Complications
- Renal	37	25.9	20	14.0	0.01
- Ophthalmic	37	25.9	23	16.1	0.04
- Cerebrovascular	22	15.4	6	4.2	0.001
- Hypertension	9	6.3	10	7.0	0.81
- Dyslipidemia	89	62.2	84	58.7	0.55
- Cardiac	35	24.5	19	13.3	0.01
- Arthropathies	17	11.9	12	8.4	0.33
- Neuropathies	43	30.1	30	21.0	0.08
Treatment					0.04
- Oral hypoglycemic	81	56.6	100	69.9
- Insulin	9	6.3	9	6.3
- Insulin & oral hypoglycemic	53	37.1	34	23.8
Compliance of self care activities*
- Taking dose on time	115	80.4	125	87.4	0.11
- Taking dose as advised	105	73.4	132	92.3	0.01	0.32	0.14-0.73
- Dietary restrictions	74	51.7	101	70.6	0.01	0.45	0.26-0.79
- Exercise	28	19.6	52	36.4	0.002
- Foot care	105	73.4	129	90.2	<0.001	0.38	0.18-0.83
Poor glycemic control (Hb_1Ac ≥ 7)	124	86.7	81	56.6	<0.001	5.57	2.88-10.76

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