Table 3 Univariable regression examining the associations between demographic and clinical factors and depression symptoms (PHO-9 score ≥10 and WHO-5 score ≤ 28)

Current Age (r = lowest value, 41 years)

1.8 (1.3-2.2) ^b

1.7 (1.0-2.5) ^b

Female (r = male)

3.4 (2.2-5.4) ^b

2.7 (2.0-3.9) ^b

Schooling in year (r = 0)

0.7 (0.5-1.6) ^c

0.6 (0.4-1.5) ^c

Monthly Income > 6000 Taka (r = ≤ 6000 Taka) ^a

0.4 (0.3-0.9)^b

0.5 (0.3-1.1) ^b

Urban resident (r = rural)

1.6 (1.0-2.8) ^c

1.5 (0.9-4.2) ^c

Treatment Centre (r = BADAS Hospital Sylhet)

1.3 (0.7-3.8)

1.2 (0.6-3.5)

Sylheti Speaker (r = Bengali speaker)

1.1 (0.6-2.4)

1.0 (0.5-3.1)

Method of data collection (r = audio collection method)

1.0 (0.5-2.3)

1.1 (0.6-3.3)

Treatment intensity

Insulin (r = oral medication + diet)

1.4 (1.0-2.8) ^c

1.5 (1.1-3.2) ^c

Insulin + oral medication (r = oral medication + diet)

1.7 (1.0-2.9) ^c

1.8 (1.0-3.4) ^c

Duration of Medication (r = lowest value, 2 years)

1.1 (0.7-3.3)

1.2 (0.6-3.8)

Number of medication (r = lowest number, 3 medicines)

1.5 (0.8-2.2) ^c

1.4 (0.8-2.4) ^c

Co-morbidity

Cardiovascular Disease (r = no co-morbidity)

1.8 (1.2-2.5) ^b

2.1 (1.5-3.2) ^b

Hypertension (r = no co-morbidity)

1.2 (0.5-3.9)

1.1 (0.5-3.7)

Kidney/eye problem/nephropathy (r = no co-morbidity)

1.0 (0.5-3.4)

1.0 (0.6-3.5)

Number of co-morbidity (r = 0)

2.2 (1.4-3.5) ^b

2.4 (1.5-3.4) ^b

BMI (r = lowest value, 21.3 g/cm2)

0.7 (0.4-1.1) ^c

0.6 (0.3-1.2) ^c

FBS level (r = lowest value, 97.3 mg/dl)

1.8 (1.1-2.5) ^b

1.6 (1.1-3.1) ^b

HbA1c level (r = lowest value, 40 mmol/mol)

2.1 (1.7-2.8) ^b

2.4 (1.5-3.1) ^b