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Table 1 Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics at index hospitalization

From: Impact of atypical long-acting injectable versus oral antipsychotics on rehospitalization rates and emergency room visits among relapsed schizophrenia patients: a retrospective database analysis

Variable

Atypical LAT

Oral AP

pvalue1

 

(N = 1032)

(N = 2796)

 

Age, mean ± SD [median]

42.1 ± 14.4 [42.5]

42.4 ± 13.7 [43.0]

.5622

Female, n (%)

450 (43.6)

1246 (44.6)

.5345

Marital status, n (%)

 Single

869 (84.2)

2364 (84.5)

.8531

 Married

70 (6.8)

171 (6.1)

.3501

 Other

93 (9.0)

260 (9.3)

.3217

 Unknown

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

-

Race, n (%)

 White

483 (46.8)

1302 (46.6)

.8515

 Black

327 (31.7)

908 (32.5)

.4751

 Hispanic

29 (2.8)

77 (2.8)

.7488

 Other

193 (18.7)

509 (18.2)

.6339

Primary payer type, n (%)

 Medicare

509 (49.3)

1429 (51.1)

.1455

 Medicaid

327 (31.7)

864 (30.9)

.3670

 Commercial indemnity

39 (3.8)

96 (3.4)

.6600

 Self-pay

32 (3.1)

77 (2.8)

.6265

 Managed care

68 (6.6)

183 (6.5)

.8717

 Other

57 (5.5)

147 (5.3)

.6385

Hospital characteristics, n (%)

 Urban

920 (89.1)

2512 (89.8)

.4343

 Teaching

422 (40.9)

1195 (42.7)

.1380

 Large (≥500 beds)

311 (30.1)

875 (31.3)

.2576

Region of the hospital, n (%)

 South

438 (42.4)

1151 (41.2)

.5484

 Midwest

247 (23.9)

703 (25.1)

.6391

 West

187 (18.1)

491 (17.6)

.3662

 Northeast

160 (15.5)

451 (16.1)

.2229

Admission source, n (%)

 Physician referral

294 (28.5)

761 (27.2)

.2282

 ER

547 (53.0)

1530 (54.7)

.2747

 Clinic referral

18 (1.7)

63 (2.3)

.1819

 Court/law enforcement

26 (2.5)

56 (2.0)

.2773

 Transfer from hospital

80 (7.8)

210 (7.5)

.7994

 Other

67 (6.5)

176 (6.3)

.9110

Admitting physician specialty, n (%)

 Psychiatry

935 (90.6)

2579 (92.2)

.3415

 Internal medicine (internist/hospitalist)

13 (1.3)

34 (1.2)

.8026

 Family/General medicine

6 (0.6)

25 (0.9)

.1495

 Other

76 (7.4)

158 (5.7)

.1448

 Unknown

2 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

-

Attending physician specialty, n (%)

 Psychiatry

985 (95.4)

2702 (96.6)

.0366

 Internal medicine (internist/hospitalist)

12 (1.2)

32 (1.1)

.9013

 Family/General medicine

3 (0.3)

6 (0.2)

.4054

 Other

32 (3.1)

56 (2.0)

.0258

Most frequent admitting diagnoses, n (%)

 Schizophrenia3

627 (60.8)

1721 (61.6)

.5098

 Other mental disorders4

150 (14.5)

403 (14.4)

.9093

 Injury and poisoning7

4 (0.4)

5 (0.2)

.0896

 Other

21 (2.0)

61 (2.2)

.9263

 Unknown

230 (22.3)

606 (21.7)

.5012

Most frequent primary diagnoses, n (%)

 Schizophrenia3

976 (94.6)

2686 (96.1)

.0897

  Paranoid (ICD-9-CM: 295.3)

426 (43.6)

1165 (43.4)

.7467

  Schizoaffective disorder (ICD-9-CM: 295.4)

370 (37.9)

1047 (39.0)

.4872

  Unspecified (ICD-9-CM: 295.9)

80 (8.2)

209 (7.8)

.8782

  Residual (ICD-9-CM: 295.6)

62 (6.4)

162 (6.0)

.4025

  Other

38 (3.9)

103 (3.8)

.6650

 Other mental disorders4

46 (4.5)

90 (3.2)

.2541

 Diseases of the circulatory system5

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

-

 Injury and poisoning6

8 (0.8)

12 (0.4)

.0455

 Other

2 (0.2)

7 (0.3)

.7815

Degree of severity, n (%) 7

 Minor

284 (27.5)

764 (27.3)

.6578

 Moderate

680 (65.9)

1847 (66.1)

.9115

 Major

60 (5.8)

160 (5.7)

.7687

 Extreme

8 (0.8)

25 (0.9)

.3657

Number of distinct APs used, mean ± SD [median] 2

2.2 ± 1.0 [2.0]

2.2 ± 1.0 [2.0]

1.0000

Suicidal behavior, n (%) 8

115 (11.1)

303 (10.8)

.6393

Surgery during index hospitalization, n (%)

21 (2.0)

76 (2.7)

.0518

Discharge status, n (%)

 Home

853 (79.4)

2425 (80.4)

.1478

 Transferred to hospice, rehabilitation center, or nursing home

64 (6.9)

230 (7.6)

.3959

 Discharged/transferred to psychiatric facility

46 (4.5)

153 (5.1)

.0825

 Other/Unknown

69 (6.7)

207 (6.9)

.9592

Length of stay, days, mean ± SD [median]

16.3 ± 19.4 [11.0]

16.0 ± 22.3 [10.0]

.6142

Time between first hospitalization and index hospitalization, months, mean ± SD [median]

8.0 ± 10.2 [3.0]

7.5 ± 9.8 [3.0]

.1186

Time between index hospitalization and data cutoff date, months, mean ± SD [median]

29.8 ± 16.1 [29.0]

30.3 ± 16.1 [29.0]

.2953

Year of admission, n (%)

 2006

200 (19.4)

550 (19.7)

.7883

 2007

189 (18.3)

548 (19.6)

.1657

 2008

228 (22.1)

603 (21.6)

.3887

 2009

241 (23.4)

656 (23.5)

.9749

 2010

174 (16.9)

439 (15.7)

.4453

  1. AP, antipsychotics; ICD-9-CM, International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification; LAT, long-acting therapy; SD, standard deviation.
  2. Notes:
  3. 1. Calculated using McNemar tests for categorical variables and two-sided paired t tests for continuous variables.
  4. 2. Oral and injection forms of the same compound counted as one AP agent.
  5. 3. Defined as ICD-9-CM codes: 295.x.
  6. 4. Defined as ICD-9-CM codes: 290-294, 296-319.
  7. 5. Defined as ICD-9-CM codes: 390-459.
  8. 6. Defined as ICD-9-CM codes: 800-999.
  9. 7. Based on an algorithm developed by 3 M Health Information Systems (Salt Lake City, UT, USA). Constructed by considering (1) the primary admitting diagnosis, (2) the secondary diagnoses, (3) the age of the patient, and (4) the presence of certain procedures.
  10. 8. Identified using ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes for suicidal tendencies, suicidal ideation, suicide and self-inflicted injury, injury undetermined whether accidentally or purposely inflicted, and poisoning by drug, medicinal, and biological substances.
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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