Table 3 Bivariate regression of categorical variables with depression symptom severity (total BDI-Ia score)
Characteristics | Total samples | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Categories | Mean (SD) | Beta (95% CI) | P Value |
Sex | Male | 18.6 ± 7.6 | Ref. | <0.01 |
Female | 20.9 ± 8.1 | 2.2 (0.6, 3.8) | ||
Religion | All others | 21.3 ± 8.7 | Ref. | 0.03 |
Hindu | 19.3 ± 7.7 | -2.1 (-4.0,-0.2) | ||
Ethnicity | High caste | 19.3 ± 7.3 | Ref. |  |
Newar | 19.6 ± 8.4 | -0.7 (-3.3,1.9) | 0.62 | |
Hilly indigenous (Janajati) | 20.5 ± 8.6 | -0.4(-3.4,2.6) | 0.80 | |
Occupational castes (Dalit) | 21.1 ± 10.7 | 0.5 (-2.4,3.3) | 0.74 | |
Others | 20.0 ± 7.7 | 1.1 (-4.2,6.4) | 0.68 | |
Marital status | Married | 20.6 ± 8.2 | Ref. |  |
All others | 19.41 ± 7.9 | -1.2 (-2.9,0.5) | 0.17 | |
Residence | Rural | 20.2 ± 7.8 | Ref. |  |
Urban | 20.3 ± 8.3 | 2.3 (-0.4,4.9) | 0.09 | |
Sub-urban | 17.9 ± 6.7 | 2.4 (0.4,4.5) | 0.02 | |
Occupation | Unemployed | 20.4 ± 17.9 | Ref. |  |
House wife | 19.6 ± 8.0 | 2.9 (-4.1,9.8) | 0.42 | |
Farmer | 21.7 ± 6.7 | 2.1 (-2.4,6.5) | 0.36 | |
Service | 19.1 ± 9.1 | 4.2 (-0.5,8.9) | 0.08 | |
Retired | 19.3 ± 7.3 | 1.6 (-3.4,6.6) | 0.53 | |
Student | 20.0 ± 5.7 | 1.8 (-2.8,6.3) | 0.44 | |
Laborers | 18.5 ± 10.0 | 2.5 (-9.4,14.4) | 0.68 | |
Business | 20.2 ± 7.0 | 1.0 (-4.9,6.9) | 0.74 | |
All others | 17.5 ± 6.5 | 2.7 (-2.1,7.6) | 0.27 | |
Education | No formal | 20.7 ± 7.7 | Ref. |  |
Formal but below primary | 20.2 ± 7.1 | 2.7 (0.8,4.6) | <0.01 | |
Primary/secondary | 20.2 ± 7.7 | 2.3 (-0.6,5.2) | 0.12 | |
SCL + (class 10 passed) | 17.9 ± 8.6 | 2.2 (-0.3,4.8) | 0.09 | |
Family type | Nuclear | 19.8 ± 7.5 | Ref. |  |
Joint | 19.9 ± 9.6 | 0.1 (-1.9,2.1) | 0.91 | |
Parental history of DM | No | 20.7 ± 7.9 | ref |  |
Yes | 18.0 ± 7.8 | -2.7 (-4.3,-1.0) | <0.01 | |
Treatment modality | Oral | 19.5 ± 7.7 | Ref. |  |
Any insulin | 21.5 ± 8.4 | 2.8 (0.5,5.2) | 0.02 | |
All others | 16.7 ± 6.9 | 4.77 (2.3,7.3) | <0.001 | |
Non adherence | No | 18.2 ± 7.2 | Ref. |  |
Yes | 22.6 ± 8.5 | 4.4 (2.8, 6.0) | <0.001 | |
Frequency of non adherence | ≤once a week | 19.8 ± 8.9 | Ref. |  |
>one a week | 24.8 ± 7.5 | 5.0 (2.3,7.8) | <0.001 | |
Any diabetic complication | No | 17.9 ± 7.0 | Ref. |  |
yes | 21.4 ± 8.4 | 3.6 (2.0,5.2) | <0.001 | |
Erectile dysfunction | No | 19.5 ± 7.9 | Ref. |  |
Yes | 28.4 ± 4.8 | 8.9 (4.4,13.4) | <0.001 | |
Smoking | Never | 19.6 ± 7.3 | Ref. |  |
Past | 19.0 ± 8.5 | -1.2 (-3.2,0.7) | 0.22 | |
Current | 20.9 ± 8.6 | -1.7 (-4.1,0.3) | 0.10 | |
Alcohol use | Never | 19.6 ± 7.7 | Ref. |  |
Past | 20.3 ± 7.5 | -0.1 (-2.1,1.9) | 0.93 | |
Current | 19.7 ± 8.9 | 0.6 (-1.7,2.8) | 0.61 | |
History HTN | No | 18.8 ± 7.68 | Ref. |  |
Yes | 20.8 ± 8.15 | 2.0 (0.4,3.6) | 0.01 | |
HTN medication | No | 16.2 ± 5.4 | ref |  |
Yes | 20.9 ± 8.1 | 4.7 (1.0,8.5) | 0.01 | |
Family history of HTN | No | 20.6 ± 8.2 | Ref. |  |
|  | Yes | 18.3 ± 7.8 | -1.8 (-3.6,-0.1) | 0.03 |