Table 6 Factor structure of the GHQ-28 for the BiB cohort

(1) Whole sample 38.8% variance explained

χ ² = 2601 (248)

Anxiety (3.78)

Depression (2.95)

Social Dysfunction (1.82)

General Somatics (items 1–4) (1.41)

Head Somatics (items 5 & 6) (1.67)

--

CFI = 0.940

RMSEA = 0.043

SRMR = 0.022

(2) English (White) 39.9% variance explained

χ ² = 1615 (248)

Anxiety (3.41)

Depression (2.91)

Social Dysfunction (2.01)

General Somatics (items 1–4) (1.49)

Head Somatics (items 5 & 6) (1.36)

--

CFI = 0.919

RMSEA = 0.051

SRMR = 0.026

(3) English (Pakistani) 41.1% variance explained

χ ² = 952 (248)

Depression (3.32)

Anxiety (3.21)

Social Dysfunction (2.36)

Head Somatics (items 5 & 6) (1.36)

General Somatics (items 1–4) (1.28)

--

CFI = 0.948

RMSEA = 0.044

SRMR = 0.024

(4) English (Other) 38.3% variance explained

χ ² = 571 (248)

Depression (3.20)

Anxiety (2.70)

Social Dysfunction (2.13)

Head Somatics (items 5–7) (1.35)

General Somatics (items 1–4) (1.26)

CFI = 0.941

RMSEA = 0.046

SRMR = 0.027

(5) Mirpuri (Pakistani & Other) 33.2% variance explained

χ ² = 352 (225)

Anxiety (2.18)

Social Dysfunction (2.15)

Depression 1 (items 27 & 28) (1.46)

General Somatics (items 1–4, 7) (1.21)

Depression 2 (items 24–26) (1.21)

Head Somatics (items 5 & 6) (1.08)

CFI = 0.907

RMSEA = 0.051

SRMR = 0.038

(6) Urdu (Pakistani & Other) 32.6% variance explained

χ ² = 440 (225)

Depression (2.66)

Social Dysfunction (1.79)

General Somatics (items 1–4, 7) (1.41)

Anxiety 1 (items 11–14) (1.30)

Anxiety 2 (items 8–10) (1.03)

Head Somatics (items 5 & 6) (0.94)

CFI = 0.943

RMSEA = 0.038

SRMR = 0.027