Neurobehavioral consequences of chronic intrauterine opioid exposure in infants and preschool children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 4 Effect sizes and associated statistics for neurobehavioral domains in opioid exposed infants and pre-school children compared to others who have no history of opioid (or any other illicit and/or alcohol use) exposure during pregnancy

Neuropsychological Domains*	Studies¹	Effect Size²	SE ³	N ⁴	Lower Limit ⁵	Upper Limit ⁶	Q ⁷	*p f*or Q ⁸	Z ⁹	pfor Z ¹⁰	I² ¹¹	Fail safe N ¹²
Infants
Cognition	4	0.24	0.17	251	-0.09	0.58	1.88	0.76	1.41	0.16	0.00	0
Psychomotor	4	0.28	0.17	251	-0.05	0.61	3.98	0.41	1.67	0.09	0.00	5
Behaviour* ¹	3	1.21	0.93	145	-0.61	3.03	7.13	0.03	1.30	0.19	71.93	2
Pre-school children
Cognition	3	0.18	0.25	224	-0.30	0.67	0.38	0.83	0.75	0.46	0.00	0
Psychomotor	3	0.28	0.28	224	-0.27	0.82	0.18	0.91	1.00	0.32	0.00	0
Behaviour	2	0.50	0.38	160	-0.25	1.25	0.02	0.89	1.30	0.19	0.00	np

¹ = Number of studies used to calculate effect size, ² = Cohen’s d effect size, ³ = Standard Error, ⁴ = Total number of subjects in opioid exposed cohort ,⁵ = Lower limit of the 95% confidence interval for the effect size, ⁶ = Upper limit of the 95% confidence interval for the effect size, ⁷ = Q statistic: A test of homogeneity, ⁸ = Probability that Q statistics significantly diff than 0, ⁹ = One sample Z Statistic, ¹⁰ = Probability that Z Statistics, is significantly diff than 0, ¹¹ = I ² statistics, ¹² = Fail Safe N: a measure of publication bias, n/p = not possible since one needs more than 2 studies to perform this analysis, ^* All neuropsychological domains had random effects models employed except*¹ where random effect model employed.

ISSN: 1471-244X