Table 2 Summary of pooled effects at post-treatment

Mutual Support

4

2369

Hospitalisation [51]

1

80

RR = 0.50 (0.23, 1.11)

N/A

10

Very low^1,4,5

Symptoms of psychosis

0

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Employment

0

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Quality of life [47]

1

300

SMD = -1.42 (-1.69, – 1.16)

N/A

12

Very low^1,4,5

Overall psychiatric symptoms [49]

1

162

N/A “no difference in change”

N/A

N/A

N/A

Depression and anxiety [47]

1

300

SMD = -0.42 (-0.66, – 0.18)

N/A

12

Very low^1,4,5

Recovery [47]

1

300

SMD = -0.11 (-0.35, 0.13)

N/A

12

Very low^1,4,5

Hope [49]

1

162

N/A “no difference in change”

N/A

N/A

N/A

Empowerment [42, 47, 49]

3

2266

SMD = -1.44 (-2.79, – 0.09)

99%; 186.26 (p < 0.001)

8-12

Very low^1,2,4,5

Satisfaction

0

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Peer-support

11

2805

Hospitalisation [38]

1

45

RR = 1.07 (0.55, 2.07)

N/A

9-12

Very low^1,4,5

Duration of admission [38, 44, 48]

3

255

SMD = -0.22 (-0.72, 0.28)

72%; 7.16 (p = 0.03)

Very low^1,2,4,5

Symptoms of psychosis [36, 45]

2

696

SMD = -0.08 (-0.27, 0.03)

N/A

2-12

Low^4,5

Employment

0

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Quality of life [36, 39, 45, 48, 50]

5

1039

SMD = 0.04 (-0.16, 0.24)

52%; 8.38 (p = 0.08)

3-12

Very low^1,4,5

Depression and anxiety [36, 41, 45]

3

861

SMD = -0.10 (-0.24, 0.03)

0%; 1.97 (p = 0.37)

2-12

Low^4,5

Overall psychiatric symptoms [41, 45, 48]

3

753

SMD = -0.07 (-0.39, 0.24)

74%; 7.83 (p = 0.02)

3-9

Very low ^1,2,4,5

Recovery [36, 39, 45, 46]

4

1066

SMD = -0.24 (-0.39, – 0.09)

27%; 4.09 (p = 0.25)

2-12

Low^4,5

Hope (SMD) [39, 45, 46, 50]

4

1072

SMD = -0.14 (-0.27, -0.02)

7%; 3.21 (p = 0.36)

2-3

Very low ^1,4,5

Empowerment [39, 50]

2

286

SMD = -2.67 (-7.35, 2.02)

97%; 38.87 (p < 0.001)

3

Very low^1,2*,4,5

Satisfaction [38, 41, 48]

3

332

SMD = 0.02 (-0.20, 0.23)

0%; 0.95 (p = 0.62)

9-12

Very low^1,4,5

Peer delivered services

3

411

Hospitalisation [40]

1^Ψ

114

RR = 0.68 [0.45, 1.03]

N/A

24

Very Low^1,4,5

Symptoms of psychosis

0

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Employment [28]

1

96

N/A “no differences”

N/A

N/A

N/A

Quality of life (SMD) [28]

1

96

N/A “no differences”

N/A

N/A

N/A

Depression and anxiety

0

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Overall psychiatric symptoms

0

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Recovery

0

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Hope

0

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Empowerment

0

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Satisfaction [28]

1

87

SMD = 0.48 (0.05, 0.91)

N/A

12

Very low^1,4,5