Figure 1

The CRRT (Cued Reinforcement Reaction Time Task). Participants were asked to identify the 'odd-one-out' on each trial as fast as possible without making mistakes. A coloured stimulus window acted as a cue, indicating the probability of receiving reinforcement. Reinforcement was 100 points and a smiley face for a response faster than the cutoff score (top right), 1 point and a smiley face for a response slower than the cutoff score (bottom right), and 0 points and a sad face for an incorrect response (not shown). Reinforcement probabilities were 10, 50, and 90% (depending on the colour of the cue). No feedback was presented and no points were obtained on the remaining (unreinforced) trials.