From: Depression symptom and professional mental health service use
Characteristics | Â | Total | Â | Â | Â | Men | Â | Â | Â | Women | Â | Â | Â |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | N = 3762/21,644 (17.4 %), 16.6 %a | N = 916/6465 (14.2 %), 13.6 %a | N = 2846/15,179 (18.8 %), 18.2 %a | |||||||||
 |  | No.b | (%) | %a | p | No.b | (%) | %a | p | No.b | (%) | %a | p |
Demographic factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Age (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Young adults (19–44) | 1181/7243 | (16.3) | 15.9 | 0.002 | 299/2190 | (13.7) | 13.8 | 0.677 | 882/5053 | (17.5) | 17.0 | 0.001 |
 | Middle aged (45–64) | 1500/8116 | (18.5) | 17.3 |  | 356/2448 | (14.5) | 13.5 |  | 1144/5668 | (20.2) | 19.3 |  |
 | Elderly (≥65) | 1081/6285 | (17.2) | 17.1 |  | 261/1827 | (14.3) | 13.3 |  | 820/4458 | (18.4) | 18.7 |  |
Socioeconomic factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Primary or less | 1290/7213 | (17.9) | 17.6 | <.0001 | 181/1391 | (13.0) | 12.6 | 0.186 | 1109/5822 | (19.1) | 18.8 | <.0001 |
 | Middle school | 571/2844 | (20.1) | 19.1 |  | 156/963 | (16.2) | 15.2 |  | 415/1881 | (22.1) | 21.0 |  |
 | High school | 1066/6109 | (17.5) | 17.2 |  | 281/1995 | (14.1) | 13.9 |  | 785/4114 | (19.1) | 18.9 |  |
 | College or more | 835/5478 | (15.2) | 14.8 |  | 298/2116 | (14.1) | 13.2 |  | 537/3362 | (16.0) | 15.9 |  |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Married | 2384/13,602 | (17.5) | 16.2 | 0.393 | 569/4282 | (13.3) | 12.1 | 0.001 | 1815/9320 | (19.5) | 18.3 | 0.001 |
 | Separated/divorced | 897/5125 | (17.5) | 18.9 |  | 130/953 | (13.6) | 14.1 |  | 767/4172 | (18.4) | 20.1 |  |
 | Unmarried | 481/2917 | (16.5) | 15.9 |  | 217/1230 | (17.6) | 16.6 |  | 264/1687 | (15.7) | 15.5 |  |
Income | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Quartile1 | 971/5376 | (18.1) | 19.2 | 0.002 | 253/1641 | (15.4) | 16.6 | 0.031 | 718/3735 | (19.2) | 20.5 | 0.024 |
 | Quartile2 | 1003/5423 | (18.5) | 17.5 |  | 229/1571 | (14.6) | 13.8 |  | 774/3852 | (20.1) | 19.3 |  |
 | Quartile3 | 921/5406 | (17.0) | 15.9 |  | 233/1584 | (14.7) | 13.7 |  | 688/3822 | (18.0) | 17.0 |  |
 | Quartile4 | 867/5439 | (15.9) | 15.4 |  | 201/1669 | (12.0) | 11.9 |  | 666/3770 | (17.7) | 17.2 |  |
Residence | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Metropolitan | 1177/7173 | (16.4) | 16.4 | 0.025 | 274/2104 | (13.0) | 13.1 | 0.150 | 903/5069 | (17.8) | 18.0 | 0.109 |
 | Urban | 1124/6225 | (18.1) | 17.3 |  | 285/1885 | (15.1) | 14.8 |  | 839/4340 | (19.3) | 18.6 |  |
 | Rural | 1461/8246 | (17.7) | 16.1 |  | 357/2476 | (14.4) | 12.4 |  | 1104/5770 | (19.1) | 17.9 |  |
Employment status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Unemployed | 2250/11,138 | (20.2) | 20.1 | <.0001 | 467/2492 | (18.7) | 19.7 | <.0001 | 1783/8646 | (20.6) | 20.2 | <.0001 |
 | Employed | 1512/10,506 | (14.4) | 13.3 |  | 449/3973 | (11.3) | 10.4 |  | 1063/6533 | (16.3) | 15.5 |  |
Health-behaviour factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Smoking status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Current smoker | 667/4313 | (15.5) | 15.3 | <.0001 | 392/3146 | (12.5) | 12.4 | 0.000 | 275/1167 | (23.6) | 24.6 | <.0001 |
 | Former smoker | 454/2811 | (16.2) | 16.6 |  | 325/2168 | (15.0) | 15.2 |  | 129/643 | (20.1) | 21.0 |  |
 | Non-smoker | 2641/14,520 | (18.2) | 17.1 |  | 199/1151 | (17.3) | 14.3 |  | 2442/13,369 | (18.3) | 17.4 |  |
Drinking status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Drinker | 2732/16,737 | (16.3) | 15.7 | <.0001 | 785/5874 | (13.4) | 12.9 | <.0001 | 1947/10,863 | (17.9) | 17.3 | <.0001 |
 | Non-drinker | 1030/4907 | (21.0) | 21.5 |  | 131/591 | (22.2) | 22.6 |  | 899/4316 | (20.8) | 21.3 |  |
Physical activity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Yes | 2,788/16,174 | (17.2) | 16.6 | 0.348 | 664/4732 | (14.0) | 13.5 | 0.631 | 2124/11,442 | (18.6) | 18.1 | 0.315 |
 | No | 974/5470 | (17.8) | 16.9 |  | 252/1733 | (14.5) | 13.9 |  | 722/3737 | (19.3) | 18.6 |  |
Sleep hours per day | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | <6 | 1246/6071 | (20.5) | 19.6 | <.0001 | 268/1637 | (16.4) | 16.0 | <.0001 | 978/4434 | (22.1) | 21.2 | <.0001 |
 | ≤6–9 | 2185/14,180 | (15.4) | 14.9 |  | 541/4343 | (12.5) | 12.0 |  | 1644/9837 | (16.7) | 16.4 |  |
 | ≥9 | 331/1393 | (23.8) | 24.2 |  | 107/485 | (22.1) | 22.1 |  | 224/908 | (24.7) | 25.4 |  |
Health-condition factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Subjective health status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Good | 444/4163 | (10.7) | 10.5 | <.0001 | 141/1500 | (9.4) | 9.7 | <.0001 | 303/2663 | (11.4) | 11.1 | <.0001 |
 | Moderate | 1119/7864 | (14.2) | 13.8 |  | 236/2168 | (10.9) | 10.6 |  | 883/5696 | (15.5) | 15.2 |  |
 | Poor | 2199/9617 | (22.9) | 23.8 |  | 539/2797 | (19.3) | 20.0 |  | 1660/6820 | (24.3) | 25.5 |  |
Perceived stress susceptibility | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Very high | 979/4168 | (23.5) | 23.4 | <.0001 | 275/1373 | (20.0) | 20.9 | <.0001 | 704/2795 | (25.2) | 24.9 | <.0001 |
 | High | 1918/10,176 | (18.9) | 17.7 |  | 437/2871 | (15.2) | 14.2 |  | 1481/7305 | (20.3) | 19.4 |  |
 | Low | 741/6370 | (11.6) | 11.0 |  | 175/1919 | (9.1) | 7.9 |  | 566/4451 | (12.7) | 12.4 |  |
 | Very low | 124/930 | (13.3) | 14.1 |  | 29/302 | (9.6) | 8.0 |  | 95/628 | (15.1) | 17.2 |  |
Unmet healthcare needs | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
 | Yes | 1116/6865 | (16.3) | 16.2 | 0.003 | 251/1874 | (13.4) | 13.3 | 0.270 | 865/4991 | (17.3) | 17.6 | 0.002 |
 | No | 2646/14,779 | (17.9) | 16.8 |  | 665/4591 | (14.5) | 13.7 |  | 1981/10188 | (19.4) | 18.4 |  |
Hypertension | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Yes | 1164/6064 | (19.2) | 18.9 | <.0001 | 294/1818 | (16.2) | 16.0 | 0.004 | 870/4246 | (20.5) | 20.5 | 0.001 |
 | No | 2598/15,580 | (16.7) | 16.0 |  | 622/4647 | (13.4) | 12.8 |  | 1976/10,933 | (18.1) | 17.6 |  |
Diabetes mellitus | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Yes | 497/2618 | (19.0) | 18.6 | 0.023 | 123/881 | (14.0) | 13.8 | 0.890 | 374/1737 | (21.5) | 21.4 | 0.002 |
 | No | 3265/19,026 | (17.2) | 16.4 |  | 793/5584 | (14.2) | 13.6 |  | 2472/13,442 | (18.4) | 17.8 |  |
Hyperlipidaemia | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Yes | 845/3479 | (24.3) | 23.0 | <.0001 | 190/965 | (19.7) | 19.5 | <.0001 | 655/2514 | (26.1) | 24.7 | <.0001 |
 | No | 2917/18,165 | (16.1) | 15.5 |  | 726/5500 | (13.2) | 12.5 |  | 2191/12,665 | (17.3) | 17.0 |  |
CVDc | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Yes | 419/1933 | (21.7) | 21.8 | <.0001 | 139/757 | (18.4) | 18.9 | 0.001 | 280/1176 | (23.8) | 24.1 | <.0001 |
 | No | 3343/19,711 | (17.0) | 16.3 |  | 777/5708 | (13.6) | 13.1 |  | 2566/14,003 | (18.3) | 17.8 |  |
Arthritis | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Yes | 1125/5119 | (22.0) | 22.8 | <.0001 | 142/747 | (19.0) | 18.5 | <.0001 | 983/4372 | (22.5) | 23.7 | <.0001 |
 | No | 2637/16,525 | (16.0) | 15.4 |  | 774/5718 | (13.5) | 13.1 |  | 1863/10,807 | (17.2) | 16.7 |  |
Asthma | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Yes | 282/1164 | (24.2) | 24.9 | <.0001 | 70/325 | (21.5) | 21.4 | 0.000 | 212/839 | (25.3) | 26.3 | <.0001 |
 | No | 3480/20,480 | (17.0) | 16.2 |  | 846/6140 | (13.8) | 13.2 |  | 2634/14,340 | (18.4) | 17.7 |  |