Table 2 Multivariate analyses for future convictions for violent crime in Models I–IV

Anxiety-depression (yes vs. no)

1.99 (1.69–2.34)

1.79 (1.51–2.12)

1.63 (1.37–1.94)

1.29 (1.07–1.55)

Personality disorder (yes vs. no)

5.36 (4.60–6.25)

4.90 (4.16–5.76)

4.29 (3.62–5.08)

2.66 (2.21–3.19)

Substance-related disorder (yes vs. no)

10.08 (8.18–12.42)

8.18 (6.53–10.26)

7.55 (5.98–9.54)

2.81 (2.18–3.62)

Mental retardation (yes vs. no)

5.65 (4.50–7.09)

4.95 (3.87–6.33)

4.39 (3.40–5.67)

3.60 (2.73–4.75)

Poor economic conditions in family

1.00 (0.86–1.17)

0.98 (0.84–1.15)

1.00 (0.85–1.18)

(very or rather poor vs. average, rather or very good)

Divorced parents

2.32 (2.08–2.59)

2.30 (2.06–2.58)

1.68 (1.49–1.90)

(yes vs. no)

Corporal punishment in upbringing

1.61 (1.43–1.80)

1.52 (1.35–1.71)

1.29 (1.14–1.46)

(often or sometimes vs. seldom or never)

Easily angry (often vs. sometimes, seldom or never)

2.15 (1.89–2.45)

1.72 (1.50–1.98)

Sleep disturbance (often vs. sometimes, seldom or never)

0.93 (0.78–1.11)

0.84 (0.70–1.01)

Lowered marks due to misconduct at school (several times or once vs. never)

2.11 (1.91–2.34)

Contact with the police or child welfare committee (several times or sometimes vs. never)

2.67 (2.38–2.99)

Arrested by police for drunkenness (several times, twice or once vs. never)

2.06 (1.82–2.32)