Table 6 Factor analysis of items from four main ISMI subscales (excluding the Stigma Resistance subscale) (n = 173)
From: The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) scale: validation of the Japanese version
Item | Social withdrawal | Alienation | Discrimination experience | Stereotype endorsement |
|---|---|---|---|---|
I am embarrassed or ashamed that I have a mental illness | 0.79 | −0.03 | −0.04 | −0.08 |
I feel inferior to others who don’t have a mental illness | 0.63 | 0.08 | 0.04 | −0.06 |
I don’t talk about myself much because I don’t want to burden others with my mental illness | 0.60 | 0.01 | −0.14 | 0.24 |
I feel out of place in the world because I have a mental illness | 0.59 | −0.11 | 0.24 | −0.06 |
Being around people who don’t have a mental illness makes me feel out of place or inadequate | 0.55 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.07 |
Mentally ill people tend to be violent | 0.49 | −0.06 | 0.13 | 0.07 |
I don’t socialize as much as I used to because my mental illness might make me look or behave “weird” | 0.46 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.07 |
I avoid getting close to people who don’t have a mental illness to avoid rejection | 0.45 | −0.08 | 0.10 | 0.09 |
I stay away from social situations in order to protect my family or friends from embarrassment | 0.32 | 0.14 | −0.04 | 0.14 |
I am disappointed in myself for having a mental illness | 0.04 | 0.75 | 0.07 | −0.01 |
People with mental illness cannot live a good, rewarding life | 0.21 | 0.68 | −0.06 | −0.21 |
I can’t contribute anything to society because I have a mental illness | −0.24 | 0.67 | 0.19 | 0.15 |
Having a mental illness has spoiled my life | −0.02 | 0.65 | 0.31 | −0.17 |
Others think that I can’t achieve much in life because I have a mental illness | 0.19 | 0.40 | 0.15 | 0.12 |
People often patronize me, or treat me like a child, just because I have a mental illness | −0.08 | 0.03 | 0.67 | 0.18 |
People discriminate against me because I have a mental illness | 0.34 | −0.12 | 0.61 | −0.10 |
People ignore me or take me less seriously just because I have a mental illness | -0.10 | 0.25 | 0.54 | 0.21 |
People without mental illness could not possibly understand me | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.54 | −0.04 |
Negative stereotypes about mental illness keep me isolated from the “normal” world | 0.41 | 0.07 | 0.43 | −0.16 |
Mentally ill people shouldn’t get married | 0.31 | 0.31 | −0.39 | 0.15 |
Nobody would be interested in getting close to me because I have a mental illness | 0.05 | 0.24 | 0.30 | 0.18 |
People can tell that I have a mental illness by the way I look | 0.06 | −0.28 | 0.27 | 0.67 |
Because I have a mental illness, I need others to make most decisions for me | 0.01 | 0.11 | −0.08 | 0.55 |
Stereotypes about the mentally ill apply to me | 0.24 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.36 |
Eigenvalue | 8.739 | 1.669 | 1.458 | 1.285 |
Cumulative contribution ratio | 0.364 | 0.434 | 0.494 | 0.548 |