Table 2 Factors associated with feeling lonely among adolescents in the Czech Republic, Russia and the United States

Demographic

Age (years)

13

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

14

1.32 (0.77–2.26)

0.81 (0.35–1.87)

1.74 (0.89–3.41)

2.21 (0.81–6.06)

0.93 (0.65–1.35)

2.18 (1.24–3.83)^**

15

1.48 (0.86–2.56)

1.09 (0.50–2.36)

2.32 (1.20–4.49)^*

2.32 (0.74–7.23)

1.15 (0.45–2.96)

1.79 (0.47–6.80)

Family structure

Intact

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Restructured

0.59 (0.27–1.29)

1.53 (0.55–4.26)

1.69 (0.89–3.22)

1.50 (0.42–5.31)

0.92 (0.39–2.14)

0.60 (0.24–1.53)

Single parent

0.83 (0.42–1.66)

1.78 (0.75–4.19)

1.23 (0.69–2.20)

1.72 (1.00–2.97)

0.80 (0.50–1.28)

0.64 (0.37–1.10)

Other

1.80 (0.50–6.41)

3.10 (1.12–8.57)^*

2.63 (1.31–5.27)^**

0.81 (0.12–5.35)

0.94 (0.40–2.18)

1.30 (0.45–3.69)

Parental education

High vs. Low

1.23 (0.80–1.89)

1.01 (0.50–2.05)

1.15 (0.69–1.91)

0.96 (0.43–2.13)

0.86 (0.50–1.46)

1.25 (0.43–3.67)

Household size

≥3 vs. 2

0.70 (0.28–1.73)

0.81 (0.26–2.54)

1.65 (0.73–3.69)

0.54 (0.23–1.28)

0.77 (0.31–1.89)

0.90 (0.26–3.16)

Parenting

Parental warmth^b

0.89 (0.81–0.98)^*

0.91 (0.81–1.01)

0.96 (0.87–1.07)

0.99 (0.86–1.14)

0.88 (0.79–0.98)^*

0.88 (0.76–1.03)

Parental involvement^b

0.98 (0.91–1.06)

0.95 (0.86–1.05)

0.96 (0.91–1.01)

1.03 (0.91–1.17)

1.03 (0.93–1.14)

1.01 (0.89–1.16)

Inconsistent parenting^b

1.03 (0.95–1.11)

1.08 (1.00–1.16)^*

1.07 (1.03–1.12)^**

1.14 (1.04–1.25)^**

1.09 (1.04–1.15)^**

1.13 (1.03–1.24)^*

Friendship ties

Number of close friends

≥1 vs. 0

0.17 (0.05–0.62)^**

2.00 (0.34–11.77)

0.61 (0.18–2.03)

0.22 (0.04–1.26)

1.93 (0.22–16.98)

0.15 (0.07–0.35)^***

Personal characteristics

I am shy

Not true

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Somewhat true

1.53 (0.93–2.51)

1.66 (0.76–3.66)

1.25 (0.80–1.95)

1.08 (0.64–1.81)

0.81 (0.44–1.48)

2.00 (1.11–3.60)^**

Certainly true

4.32 (2.45–7.64)^***

4.36 (1.79–10.60)^**

1.98 (1.20–3.27)^**

4.03 (2.08–7.80)^***

1.36 (0.87–2.14)

7.37 (3.88–14.00)^***

School-based factors

School attachment (I like school)

True vs. Not true

1.02 (0.66–1.59)

0.90 (0.42–1.90)

1.02 (0.66–1.58)

0.70 (0.43–1.12)

0.98 (0.66–1.46)

0.54 (0.26–1.14)

Peer victimisation^b

1.13 (1.07–1.19)^***

1.05 (0.98–1.12)

1.10 (1.05–1.15)^***

1.02 (0.97–1.09)

1.10 (1.07–1.14)^***

1.06 (1.03–1.09)^***