Table 1 Demographic and left-behind-related characteristics of the sample (N = 6227)
Variables | NLBC | LBC | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n(%) | LBCF | LBCM | LBCB | k-w χ 2b | |
n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | |||
Total | 2046(32.8) | 1000(16.1) | 202(3.2) | 2979(47.9) | |
Gender | 4.68 | ||||
Male | 1105(54.0) | 533(53.3) | 96(47.5) | 1543(51.8) | |
Female | 941(46.0) | 467(46.7) | 106(52.5) | 1436(48.2) | |
Age (year) | 67.35*** | ||||
7–9 | 364(17.8) | 199(19.9) | 46(22.8) | 379(12.7) | |
10–12 | 700(34.2) | 349(34.9) | 63(31.2) | 870(29.2) | |
13–15 | 532(26.0) | 307(30.7) | 50(24.8) | 1104(37.1) | |
16–17 | 450(22.0) | 145(14.5) | 43(21.2) | 626(21.0) | |
Ethnicity | 15.58*** | ||||
Hana | 1782(87.1) | 851(85.1) | 162(80.2) | 2488(83.5) | |
Minority | 264(12.0) | 149(14.9) | 40(19.8) | 491(16.5) | |
Home place | 198.73*** | ||||
Small town | 510(24.9) | 147(14.7) | 31(15.3) | 303(10.2) | |
Countryside | 1536(75.1) | 853(85.3) | 171(84.7) | 2676(89.8) | |
Parental marriage status | 37.45*** | ||||
Married | 1869(91.3) | 899(89.9) | 158(78.2) | 2636(88.5) | |
Divorced | 177(8.7) | 101(10.1) | 44(21.8) | 343(11.5) | |
Only child in family | 487(23.8) | 182(18.2) | 54(26.7) | 551(18.5) | 29.13*** |
Boarding schools | 656(32.1) | 371(37.1) | 78(38.6) | 1644(55.2) | 290.42*** |
Family income (yuan)c | 48.58*** | ||||
Less than 2300 | 400(19.6) | 256(25.6) | 50(24.8) | 764(25.6) | |
2300–5000 | 671(32.8) | 353(35.3) | 62(30.7) | 1035(34.7) | |
5000–10,000 | 511(25.0) | 217(21.7) | 51(25.2) | 672(22.6) | |
Over 10,000 | 464(22.7) | 174(17.4) | 39(19.3) | 508(17.1) | |
Age at separation (year) | 110.36*** | ||||
0–5 | 422(42.2) | 93(46.0) | 1820(61.1) | ||
6–12 | 511(51.1) | 94(46.5) | 1013(34.0) | ||
13–17 | 67(6.7) | 15(7.4) | 146(4.9) | ||
Duration of separation | 2.15 | ||||
6 months - 2 years | 645(64.5) | 88(43.6) | 1220(41.0) | ||
2–3 years | 135(13.5) | 46(22.8) | 515(17.3) | ||
4–5 years | 69(6.9) | 25(12.4) | 374(12.6) | ||
Over 6 years | 151(15.1) | 43(21.3) | 870(29.2) | ||
Usual residence (multiple response) | |||||
Father | 0(0.0) | 79(39.1) | 0(0.0) | 235.87*** | |
Mother | 727(72.7) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 1388.11*** | |
Grandparents | 381(38.1) | 120(59.4) | 2297(77.1) | 520.00*** | |
Siblings | 144(14.4) | 17(8.4) | 418(14.0) | 5.34 | |
Other relatives | 105(10.5) | 24(11.9) | 469(15.7) | 17.81*** | |
Neighbors | 32(3.2) | 28(13.9) | 75(2.5) | 2.47 | |
Alone | 71(7.1) | 17(8.4) | 300(10.1) | 8.04* | |
Comd. frequency | 5.17 | ||||
Daily | 144(14.4) | 25(12.4) | 246(8.3) | ||
Weekly | 519(51.9) | 109(54.0) | 1734(58.2) | ||
Monthly | 188(18.8) | 43(21.3) | 551(18.5) | ||
Half a year | 92(9.2) | 13(6.4) | 248(8.3) | ||
Over half a year | 57(5.7) | 12(5.9) | 200(6.7) | ||
Com. duration | 71.84*** | ||||
Within 5 min | 308(30.8) | 54(26.7) | 586(19.7) | ||
5–10 min | 332(33.2) | 48(23.8) | 813(27.3) | ||
10–30 min | 251(25.1) | 85(42.1) | 1262(42.4) | ||
Over 30 min | 109(10.9) | 15(7.4) | 318(10.7) | ||
Com. by telephone | 945(94.5) | 188(93.1) | 2834(95.1) | 2.05 | |
Com. by message | 67(6.7) | 14(6.9) | 175(5.9) | 1.13 | |
Com. by visiting | 33(3.3) | 19(9.4) | 79(2.7) | 28.55*** | |
Com. on academic performance | 575(57.5) | 103(51.0) | 1667(56.0) | 2.96 | |
Com. on school life | 248(24.8) | 56(27.7) | 860(28.9) | 6.17* | |
Com. on life difficulty | 124(12.4) | 28(13.9) | 520(17.5) | 14.95*** | |
Com. on learning difficulty | 108(10.8) | 28(13.9) | 421(14.1) | 7.25* | |
Com. on migrant parental life | 225(22.5) | 40(19.8) | 547(18.4) | 32.43*** | |
Com. on children’s feelings | 299(29.9) | 89(44.1) | 881(29.6) | 18.90*** | |