The association between neighbourhood-level deprivation and depression: evidence from the south african national income dynamics study

Table 3 Weighted bivariate associations between 2008 CES-D10 scores and all area-level and individual-level independent variables

CES-D10	Standardised β	SE	P > t	R ²
SAIMD Composite Index	0.92	0.12	<0.0001	3.5%
SAIMD Income and Material	0.88	0.10	<0.0001	4.7%
SAIMD Employment	0.95	0.12	<0.0001	3.6%
SAIMD Education	0.83	0.14	<0.0001	2.8%
SAIMD Living Environment	0.91	0.12	<0.0001	4.1%
HH Income	−0.82	0.10	<0.0001
	Unstandardised B
Age	0.02	0.00	<0.0001
Male	−0.91	0.13	<0.0001
Race [African]
Coloured	−1.57	0.38	<0.0001
Asian/Indian	−2.01	0.85	0.018
White	−3.20	−0.30	<0.0001
Marital status [Married]
Living with partner	1.50	0.26	<0.0001
Widow/widower	2.36	0.28	<0.0001
Divorced/separated	1.56	0.59	0.008
Never married	0.72	0.18	<0.0001
Gr 9 or more education	−1.81	−0.18	<0.0001
Durable goods	−1.50	0.19	<0.0001
Living deprived	1.28	0.25	<0.0001
Urban	0.80	0.26	0.002
Employment status [Employed]
Not economically active	0.77	0.16	<0.0001
Unemployed discouraged	0.90	0.31	0.004
Unemployed strict	1.61	0.24	<0.0001
Negative life events reported	0.09	0.21	0.677

Note. A higher CES-D10 score represents more depressive symptoms, therefore a positive coefficient implies more depressive symptoms and a negative coefficient fewer depressive symptoms
Square brackets indicate reference group for categorical variables

ISSN: 1471-244X