|
Outcome measures
|
N
comp
|
Hedges’ g
|
95% CI
|
Z
|
Heterogeneity
|
Fail-safe N
|
|---|
| | | | | |
Q-value
|
I
2
| |
|---|
|
All studies post-intervention (including outliers)
|
|
Well-being
|
33
|
0.28
|
0.07–0.48
|
2.66**
|
146.81***
|
78.20
|
271
|
|
Depression
|
26
|
0.27
|
0.09–0.45
|
2.97**
|
66.40***
|
62.34
|
132
|
|
Anxiety
|
14
|
0.47
|
0.23–0.71
|
3.78***
|
36.83***
|
64.71
|
135
|
|
Stress
|
6
|
0.00
|
-0.62–0.62
|
0.00
|
25.35***
|
80.28
|
0
|
|
All studies post-intervention (excluding outliers)a
|
|
Well-being
|
29
|
0.24
|
0.13–0.35
|
4.16***
|
35.13
|
20.29
|
137
|
|
Depression
|
21
|
0.23
|
0.11–0.34
|
3.74***
|
22.26
|
10.16
|
66
|
|
Anxiety
|
13
|
0.36
|
0.20–0.53
|
4.24***
|
16.96
|
29.26
|
81
|
|
Stress
|
5
|
0.27
|
−0.19–0.73
|
1.16
|
11.02
|
63.69
|
0
|
|
Medium or high quality studies post-intervention
|
|
Well-being
|
14
|
0.19
|
0.02–0.37
|
2.17*
|
21.99
|
40.88
|
17
|
|
Depression
|
12
|
0.07
|
-0.19–0.32
|
0.53
|
32.43
|
66.08
|
0
|
|
Anxiety
|
6
|
0.22
|
−0.05–0.49
|
1.57
|
8.39
|
40.39
|
1
|
|
Stress
|
1
|
−0.32
|
− 0.85–0.21
|
−1.19
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
–
|
|
Studies with 8–12 week follow up (including outliers)
|
|
Well-being
|
7
|
0.41
|
0.08–0.74
|
2.46*
|
19.24**
|
68.82
|
28
|
|
Depression
|
5
|
0.21
|
0.05–0.37
|
2.53*
|
2.55
|
0.00
|
4
|
|
Anxiety
|
4
|
0.35
|
0.12–0.59
|
2.91**
|
4.45
|
32.54
|
10
|
|
Stress
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
- Note. Ncomp, number of comparisons, CI confidence interval. *p < 0.05. ** p < 0.01. *** p < 0.001. a The effect size for well-being (g = 0.24) corresponds with a standardized mean difference Cohen’s d = 0.24 and unweighted mean r = 0.12; the effect size for depression (g = 0.23) corresponds with d = 0.23 and r = 0.11; the effect size for anxiety (g = 0.36) corresponds with d = 0.37 and r = 0.18; the effect size for stress (g = 0.27) corresponds with d = 0.28 and r = 0.14
