Table 1 Basic information on sociodemographic characteristics, lifetime exposure to childhood familial violence, lifetime traumatic events and mental health outcome measures due to the FGM groups

Age (M ± SD [CI])

24.8 ± 4.4

[22.6, 27.0]

30.6 ± 12.8

[27.3, 33.8]

32.1 ± 13.3

[29.2, 35.0]¹

F_(2,160) = 2.59

Years of education (M ± SD [CI])

10.3 ± 4.8

[8.0, 12.7]

8.1 ± 4.3

[7.0, 9.2]²

4.1 ± 5.1

[3.0, 5.2]

F_(2,161) = 19.55***

Ethnicity (%, n)

Chi²₍₄₎ = 102.69***

 Somali

5.6

(1)

23.3

(14)

95.4

(83)

 Amhara

77.8

(14)

58.3

(35)

1.1

(1)

 Other

16.7

(3)

18.3

(11)

3.4

(3)

Marital status (%, n)

Chi²₍₆₎ = 10.12

 Single

50.0

(9)

28.3

(17)

37.9

(33)

 Married

33.3

(6)

41.7

(25)

21.8

(19)

 Divorced

5.6

(1)

18.3

(11)

21.8

(19)

 Widowed

11.1

(2)

11.7

(7)

18.4

(16)

CFV (M ± SD [CI])

5.4 ± 3.3

[3.7, 7.0]

6.2 ± 4.1

[5.1, 7.2]

5.6 ± 4.8

[4.5, 6.6]³

F_(2,161) = 0.34

LTE (M ± SD [CI])

0.8 ± 1.2

[0.2, 1.43]

1.4 ± 1.5

[1.0, 1.8]

1.9 ± 1.9

[1.4, 2.3]

F_(2,162) = 3.28*

HCC (pg/mol; M ± SD [CI]))

28.3 ± 19.7

[17.8, 38.8]⁴

29.4 ± 18.3

[23.5, 35.2]⁵

31.6 ± 13.2

[27.8, 35.4]⁶

F_(2,103) = 0.34

PTSD score (M ± SD [CI])

1.2 ± 4.7

[−1.2, 3.5]

0.8 ± 2.6

[0.2, 1.5]

5.7 ± 10.6

[3.4, 7.9]

Welch_(2,43.94) = 8.25***

PTSD diagnosis (%, n)

5.6

(1)

0

(0)

18.4

(16)

Chi²₍₂₎ = 13.49***

ShuD Dissociation score (M ± SD [CI])

0.1 ± 0.3

[− 0.5, 0.3]

1.0 ± 3.1

[0.2, 1.8]

2.3 ± 5.3

[1.2, 3.4]

Welch_(2,98.07) = 9.16***

Depression score (M ± SD [CI])

18.5 ± 6.7

[15.2, 21.8]

18.2 ± 6.0

[16.6, 19.7]²

22.5 ± 11.0

[20.2, 24.9]¹

Welch_(2,51.20) = 4.78*

Major Depression (%, n)

0

(0)

0 (0) ²

12.6

(11)

Chi²₍₂₎ = 10.44**

Anxiety score (M ± SD [CI])

11.7 ± 2.5

[10.51, 12.94]

11.6 ± 2.6

[11.0, 12.3]

14.1 ± 6.4

[12.7, 15.5]³

Welch_(2,56.31) = 5.30**

Substance dependence (%, n)

11.1

(2)

6.7

(4)

4.6

(4)

Chi²₍₂₎ = 1.17

Substance abuse (%, n)

0

(0)

1.7

(1)²

1.1

(1)

Chi²₍₂₎ = 0.34

Suicidal ideation (%, n)

0

(0)

8.3

(5)

10.3

(9)

Chi²₍₂₎ = 2.06

Psychotic disorder (%, n)

0

(0)

0

(0)

2.3

(2)

Chi²₍₂₎ = 1.8