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Table 5 Prevalence and Adjusted Odds Ratio aof Lifetime Use of Drugs by Category of ACE

From: Adverse childhood experiences among patients with substance use disorders at a referral psychiatric hospital in Kenya

Type of ACE

 

N

TOBACCOA.O.R

ALCOHOLA.O.R

CANNABISA.O.R

KHATA.O.R

SEDATIVESA.O.R

Physical abuse

No

103

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

Yes

31

1.4 (0.4–5.7)

5.6 (0.6–56.9)

2.5 (0.9–7.1)

1.2 (0.5–3.0)

3.9 (1.4–11.2)

Emotional abuse

No

104

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

Yes

30

22.8 (1.6–332.9)

5.0 (0.5–51.7)

1.9 (0.6–5.6)

1.0 (0.4–2.5)

3.0 (1.0–9.1) b

Contact sexual abuse

No

99

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

Yes

35

1.1 (0.3–4.3)

1.2 (0.2–7.4)

1.1 (0.4–3.2)

0.7 (0.3–1.7)

1.7 (0.6–5.1)

Alcohol/drug user in household

No

76

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

Yes

58

1.8 (0.6–5.9)

1.3 (0.3–5.7)

0.8 (0.4–1.9)

2.0 (0.9–4.4)

0.7 (0.3–1.7)

Incarcerated household member

No

104

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

Yes

30

0.9 (0.2–4.5)

0.9 (0.1–5.6)

0.9 (0.3–2.6)

0.6 (0.2–1.8)

3.0 (0.9–10.0)

Someone with mental illness in household

No

113

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

Yes

21

UD

2.2 (0.2–23.5)

1.3 (0.4–4.1)

2.1 (0.7–6.6)

3.0 (1.0–9.1)

Household member treated violently

No

68

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

Yes

66

3.6 (1.0–12.8) b

14.6 (1.5–140.8)

0.6 (0.3–1.4)

0.8 (0.4–1.8)

2.0 (0.8–5.2)

One or no parent

No

67

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

Yes

67

0.7 (0.2–2.1)

1.2 (0.3–5.1)

0.5 (0.2–1.1)

0.4 (0.2–0.9)

1.9 (0.7–5.2)

Emotional neglect

No

81

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

Yes

53

1.0 (0.3–3.4)

3.0 (0.5–16.6)

1.6 (0.7–3.8)

1.1 (0.5–2.5)

1.9 (0.7–4.7)

Physical neglect

No

118

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

Yes

16

UD

0.2 (0.0–1.1)

0.6 (0.2–2.3)

0.3 (0.1–1.0) b

2.1 (0.6–8.4)

Bullying

No

117

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

Yes

17

UD

1.7 (0.2–17.3)

0.9 (0.3–3.0)

0.9 (0.3–2.8)

0.3 (0.1–2.0)

Community violence

No

93

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

Yes

41

4.2 (0.8–22.3)

7.0 (0.7–67.8)

1.7 (0.7–4.5)

0.3 (0.1–0.8)

1.3 (0.5–3.5)

Collective violence

No

79

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

Yes

55

1.1 (0.4–3.5)

1.6 (0.4–6.9)

0.8 (0.4–1.9)

0.4 (0.2–0.9)

2.5 (1.0–6.3)

  1. aAdjusted For Gender, Education Level, Employment Status, Marital Status, Family History of Substance Abuse and Mental Illness; UD-Undetermined; Ref.-Referent category
  2. bThe values are more than 1.0, only rounded off to one decimal place for uniformity
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BMC Psychiatry

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