Table 3 Observed means (and standard deviations) and estimated mean differences in change over time between intervention and control groups for all outcome measures
Observed scores | Mean change over time | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | Assessment | eLearning MHFA | blended MHFA | eLearning PFA | MHFA eLearning vs PFA eLearning | Blended MHFA vs PFA eLearning | MHFA blended vs eLearning | ||||
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | 95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | |||
Knowledge | |||||||||||
Knowledge of MHFA (% correct) | baseline | 46.9 | 15.3 | 44.6 | 14.6 | 44.9 | 15.3 | Mean diff | 21.31*** 16.77–25.90 | 25.04*** 20.51–29.57 | 3.70 −0.57 – 7.98 |
post | 71.5 | 15.0 | 73.1 | 12.7 | 49.4 | 18.1 | Cohen’s d | 1.35 1.02–1.67 | 1.55 1.22–1.89 | 0.11 − 0.16 - 0.38 | |
Beliefs about treatment - depression | baseline | 5.92 | 2.32 | 5.79 | 2.08 | 5.77 | 2.28 | Mean diff | 1.80*** 1.19–2.41 | 2.01*** 1.40–2.61 | 0.20 − 0.36 - 0.77 |
post | 7.79 | 1.90 | 7.76 | 1.80 | 5.90 | 2.54 | Cohen’s d | 0.86 0.55–1.17 | 0.87 0.56–1.18 | 0.15# − 0.12 – 0.43 | |
Beliefs about treatment - PTSD | baseline | 4.87 | 1.96 | 4.70 | 1.92 | 4.78 | 1.96 | Mean diff | 1.54*** 0.98–2.11 | 1.59*** 1.03–2.15 | 0.05 −0.48 - 0.58 |
post | 7.17 | 1.81 | 7.08 | 1.65 | 5.74 | 2.48 | Cohen’s d | 0.67 0.37–0.98 | 0.66 0.36–0.96 | − 0.01# − 0.26 – 0.28 | |
N | % | N | % | N | % | ||||||
Correct recognition of depression | baseline | 190 | 95.5 | 176 | 88.4 | 190 | 90.5 | Odds ratio | 1.05 0.17–6.42 | 11.11* 1.60–77.28 | 10.57* 1.47–76.22 |
post | 94 | 93.1 | 103 | 96.3 | 69 | 88.5 | |||||
Correct recognition of PTSD | baseline | 142 | 71.4 | 150 | 75.4 | 160 | 76.2 | Odds ratio | 1.28 0.38–4.32 | 3.61 0.96–13.57 | 2.83 0.84–9.55 |
post | 78 | 77.2 | 94 | 88.7 | 61 | 79.2 | |||||
Confidence | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||||
Confidence - depression | baseline | 2.87 | 1.06 | 2.84 | 1.09 | 2.88 | 1.06 | Mean diff | 0.43** 0.16–0.69 | 0.56*** 0.29–0.82 | 0.13 −0.12 - 0.38 |
post | 3.55 | 0.90 | 3.63 | 0.75 | 3.15 | 1.06 | Cohen’s d | 0.41 0.11–0.71 | 0.53 0.23–0.83 | 0.09 − 0.19 - 0.36 | |
Confidence - PTSD | baseline | 2.88 | 1.10 | 2.83 | 1.09 | 2.87 | 1.15 | Mean diff | 0.58*** 0.28–0.87 | 0.65*** 0.36–0.94 | 0.07 − 0.20 - 0.35 |
post | 3.74 | 0.90 | 3.78 | 0.81 | 3.22 | 1.11 | Cohen’s d | 0.52 0.22–0.82 | 0.59 0.29–0.89 | 0.04 −0.23 - 0.32 | |
MHFA intentions quality | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||||
Intentions - depression | baseline | 3.91 | 1.73 | 3.62 | 1.62 | 3.60 | 1.61 | Mean diff | 2.06*** 1.45–2.66 | 3.00*** 2.41–3.60 | 0.95** 0.38–1.52 |
post | 5.67 | 2.35 | 6.35 | 2.45 | 3.31 | 1.55 | Cohen’s d | 1.16 0.84–1.48 | 1.43 1.11–1.76 | 0.28 0.01–0.55 | |
Intentions - PTSD | baseline | 3.06 | 1.45 | 2.98 | 1.52 | 3.03 | 1.45 | Mean diff | 2.30*** 1.76–2.85 | 2.47*** 1.93–3.01 | 0.17 −0.35 - 0.68 |
post | 5.25 | 2.33 | 5.40 | 2.14 | 2.94 | 1.37 | Cohen’s d | 1.17 0.85–1.49 | 1.33 1.00–1.65 | 0.07 −0.21 - 0.34 | |
MHFA intentions – Would help | N | % | N | % | N | % | |||||
Depression - Agree or strongly agree | baseline | 156 | 78.4 | 149 | 74.9 | 158 | 75.2 | Odds ratio | 3.33* 1.06–10.44 | 4.26* 1.39–13.07 | 1.28 0.42–3.94 |
post | 87 | 86.1 | 93 | 86.9 | 56 | 71.8 | |||||
PTSD - Agree or strongly agree | baseline | 150 | 75.4 | 148 | 74.4 | 160 | 76.2 | Odds ratio | 22.37*** 4.82–103.91 | 7.33** 2.11–25.50 | 0.33 0.08–1.35 |
post | 95 | 94.1 | 94 | 88.7 | 54 | 70.1 | |||||
Social distance - depression | |||||||||||
% scoring at or below the median. Lower scores mean less social distance | baseline | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||||
141 | 70.9 | 137 | 68.8 | 148 | 70.5 | Odds ratio | 5.30* 1.26–22.37 | 2.96 0.82–10.63 | 0.56 0.15–2.09 | ||
post | 87 | 86.1 | 88 | 83.0 | 59 | 76.6 | |||||
Social distance - PTSD | |||||||||||
% scoring at or below the median. Lower scores mean less social distance | baseline | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||||
95 | 47.7 | 102 | 51.3 | 108 | 51.4 | Odds ratio | 4.99* 1.37–18.25 | 2.45 0.74–8.13 | 0.49 0.15–1.59 | ||
post | 60 | 59.4 | 67 | 63.2 | 41 | 53.3 | |||||
Weak not sick – depression | |||||||||||
% scoring at or above the median | baseline | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||||
112 | 56.3 | 115 | 57.8 | 108 | 51.4 | Odds ratio | 1.53 0.56–4.16 | 1.64 0.60–4.46 | 1.07 0.41–2.80 | ||
post | 75 | 74.3 | 80 | 75.5 | 50 | 64.9 | |||||
Weak not sick – PTSD | |||||||||||
% scoring at or above the median | baseline | 119 | 59.8 | 120 | 60.3 | 116 | 55.2 | Odds ratio | 1.20 0.42–3.42 | 1.89 0.63–5.61 | 1.58 0.56–4.43 |
post | 76 | 75.3 | 87 | 82.1 | 55 | 71.4 | |||||
Dangerous/unpredictable - depression | baseline | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||||
4.02 | 0.56 | 4.02 | 0.55 | 4.01 | 0.56 | Mean diff | 0.28*** 0.13–0.43 | 0.28*** 0.13–0.43 | 0.00 −0.14 - 0.14 | ||
post | 4.26 | 0.54 | 4.30 | 0.52 | 4.02 | 0.65 | Cohen’s d | 0.42 0.12–0.72 | 0.50 0.20–0.80 | 0.08 − 0.19 -0.36 | |
Dangerous/unpredictable - PTSD | baseline | 4.27 | 0.50 | 4.25 | 0.55 | 4.24 | 0.53 | Mean diff | 0.27*** 0.13–0.42 | 0.28*** 0.14–0.43 | 0.01 −0.13 - 0.15 |
post | 4.46 | 0.55 | 4.48 | 0.47 | 4.20 | 0.64 | Cohen’s d | 0.44 0.14–0.74 | 0.52 0.22–0.82 | 0.04 −0.23 - 0.32 | |