Table 2 Definitions of containment methods according to the Attitude to Containment Measures Questionnaire by Bowers et al. (2004) [3]
1 | PRN medication | Voluntarily accepted medication administered at the nurses’ discretion in addition to regular doses, by any route |
2 | Physical restraint | Physically holding the patient, preventing movement |
3 | Intermittent observation | An increased level of observation, of greater intensity than that which any patient generally receives, coupled with allocation of responsibility to an individual nurse or other worker, periodic checks at intervals |
4 | Seclusion | Isolated in a locked room |
5 | Time out | Patient asked to stay in a room or area for a period of time, without the door being locked |
6 | IM medication | Intramuscular injection of sedating drugs administered without consent |
7 | PICU | Transfer to a specialist locked ward for disturbed patients |
8 | Mechanical restraint | The use of restraining straps, belts or other equipment to restrict movement |
9 | Constant observation | An increased level of observation, of greater intensity than that which any patient generally receives, coupled with allocation of responsibility to an individual nurse or other worker; Constant: within eyesight or arms reach of the observing worker at all times |
10 | Net bed | Patient placed in a net bed enclosed by locked nets, which he or she is unable to leave |
11 | Open-area seclusion | Isolated in a locked area, accompanied by nurses |